Fig. 1.

Comparation of traditional 2D models and organoids. The figure compares traditional 2D cell cultures with organoids. The 2D model shows limited physiological relevance, forced cell polarity, and restricted cell interactions, making it ideal for high-throughput screening but inadequate for complex biological processes. In contrast, organoids, derived from pluripotent stem cells or progenitor cells, offer semi-physiological structures, enabling the study of tissue morphogenesis and human development. The table highlights key differences: organoids excel in modeling complex systems but have higher experimental variability, while 2D models remain highly manipulable and suitable for basic screenings