Fig. 6.

Potential applications of bone/cartilage organoids. The diagram showcases the wide-ranging applications of bone and cartilage organoids in biomedical research and therapeutic development. Construction of Disease Models: Organoids are used to model diseases such as osteoarthritis, bone fractures and healing, rheumatoid arthritis, genetic bone disorders, and cartilage regeneration and repair. These models offer insight into disease mechanisms and allow for testing therapeutic interventions. Drug Discovery and Personalized Medicine: Organoids enable high-throughput drug screening, drug prediction, and intricate studies of disease mechanisms. They are also pivotal in advancing personalized medicine by tailoring treatments based on individual responses. Biomaterial Evaluation and Safety Testing: Bone and cartilage organoids allow for the evaluation of biomaterials and safety pharmacology, providing a more physiologically relevant context for material and drug testing. Genomic and Metabolomic Analysis: These organoids facilitate the study of genomic alterations and metabolic pathways, offering deeper insights into cellular responses and disease states. Biobanks and Tissue Engineering: Bone and cartilage organoids can be stored in biobanks for future research and used in genomic engineering and metabolic analysis, paving the way for advanced tissue engineering applications