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. 2024 Nov 20;14:28758. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-79933-8

Table 1.

Demographics and baseline measures of participants.

Sample Size (n) Hearing Loss Group (n = 22) Sample Size (n) Normal hearing group (n = 22)
Mean SD Mean SD p value
Demographics
 Age (years) n = 22 75.14 7.39 n = 22 73.55 3.92 0.35
 Education (years) n = 22 17.32 3.48 n = 22 16.91 2.37 0.61
Hearing
CDTT SRT1 n = 22 − 3.82 4.22 n = 19 − 8.18 6.74 0.02*
Better Ear PTA (dB HL)2 n = 22 48.45 11.45 n = 22 16.91 4.59  < 0.001*
HHIE3 n = 21 21.52 8.67 n = 22 3.18 4.52  < 0.001*
Vision
 Better Eye ETDRS4 n = 22 0.08 0.14 n = 22 0.04 0.12 0.32
 Pelli Robson5 n = 22 1.58 0.14 n = 21 1.67 0.16 0.05
 Horizontal DVA6 n = 18 0.09 0.15 n = 19 0.17 0.19 0.18
Cognition
MoCA7 n = 22 27.05 2.06 n = 22 26.5 1.68 0.49
 RAVLT Total8 n = 21 43.57 9.82 n = 22 42.72 8.79 0.76
 RAVLT Delayed Recall9 n = 20 9.10 3.63 n = 22 8.55 2.77 0.73
 WAIS-III Digit Span10 n = 21 17.19 3.96 n = 22 18.63 2.92 0.34
 Digit Symbol Substitution11 n = 21 55.95 20.92 n = 22 60.95 10.97 0.74
 Trail Making B-A (sec) n = 21 53.40 42.33 n = 21 54.65 40.85 0.52
 Stroop Inhibition12 n = 22 12.18 2.74 n = 21 11.90 2.05 0.42
 Stroop Inhibition/Switching12 n = 21 11.48 1.94 n = 21 11.57 2.94 0.68
Mobility
 TUG (seconds)13 n = 21 10.90 2.04 n = 21 10.41 1.56 0.70

Summary statistics of sample size, mean and standard deviation were calculated for each group and baseline measure. In order to determine whether differences were observed between the normal hearing and hearing loss groups, t-tests were conducted with significance set at *p < 0.05.

1 Canadian Digit Triplet Test (CDTT) speech reception threshold (SRT).

2 Better ear pure-tone average (BPTA) of thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz.

3 The Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE) score out of 40.

4 Better eye Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) score for corrected vision in logMAR units.

5 Pelli Robson Contrast Sensitivity Test score using both eyes.

6 Dynamic Visual Acuity Test (DVA) score for corrected vision in logMAR units.

7 Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) total score out of 30 adjusted for years of education.

8 Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) total score out of 75.

9 Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) delayed recall score out of 15.

10 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition (WAIS-III) Digit Span Test score out of 30.

11 Digit Symbol Substitution Test score out of 133.

12 Stroop Test scaled score equivalent out of 19.

13 Averaged time of two Timed Up and Go (TUG) trials.