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. 2024 Nov 20;14:28725. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78361-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Imperial County N fertilizer usage (red) and legacy N history (blue) was prepared using the Trajectories Nutrient Dataset for Nitrogen (TREND-nitrogen) from Byrnes et al., 2020. The agricultural fertilizer use was extended after 2017 using the CDFA agricultural statistics for N fertilizer sales. Fresno, Kern, and Tulare Counties are ranked 1st, 2nd, and 3rd in state agricultural sales, while Imperial County is ranked 9th. Fertilizer usages are reported as kg of N used per hectare of agricultural land.