. 2024 Nov 20;14:28796. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78894-2

Table 1.

Descriptive data as median and interquartile range.

Group	Age [years] Median (IQR)	Sex	School Grade	Reading speed [wpm] Median (IQR)	Reading errors Median (IQR)	VA Median (IQR)
Group DD (n=18)	10.24 (9.63-10.91)	b:14, g:4	Grade 4: 9 Grade 5: 8	57.5 (45.3-78.3)	4.0 (2.0-8.3)	1.40 (1.36-1.40)
Group C (n=22)	10.25 (9.69-11.23)	b:10, g: 12	Grade 4: 12 Grade 5: 10	127.9 (111.2-139.5)	0.0 (0.0-0.0)	1.40 (1.36-1.40)
Between group test	TT: t(38)=-0.951, p=.348	χ²(1) = 4.310, p = .038, φ = -0.328	χ²(2) = 1.263, p = .532, φ = 1.78	TT: t(38)=8.556, p<.001	MWU: U=385.000, p<.001	MWU: U=205.000, p=.861

Group

Age [years]
Median (IQR)

Sex

School
Grade

Reading speed [wpm]
Median (IQR)

Reading errors
Median (IQR)

VA
Median (IQR)

Group DD

(n=18)

10.24

(9.63-10.91)

b:14,

g:4

Grade 4: 9

Grade 5: 8

57.5

(45.3-78.3)

4.0

(2.0-8.3)

1.40

(1.36-1.40)

Group C

(n=22)

10.25

(9.69-11.23)

b:10,

g: 12

Grade 4: 12

Grade 5: 10

127.9

(111.2-139.5)

0.0

(0.0-0.0)

1.40

(1.36-1.40)

Between group test

TT:

t(38)=-0.951, p=.348

χ²(1) = 4.310,

p = .038, φ = -0.328

χ²(2) = 1.263,

p = .532, φ = 1.78

TT: t(38)=8.556, p<.001

MWU:

U=385.000, p<.001

MWU:

U=205.000, p=.861

DD: Children with dyslexia (group DD), C: control (group C), g: girl, b: boy, reading speed and reading errors were assessed by Zürcher reading Test (ZLT II) in wpm: words per minute, VA: visual acuity (decimal). TT: t-test, t: t-test statistics, p=probability value, MWU: Mann-Whitney-U Test, U: Mann-Whitney-U test U value. χ²: Pearson’s chi-squared test, φ: Cramér’s phi. To compare the two independent groups, t-test was used for normally distributed and continuous data, Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed or ordinal data, chi-square test to examine the relationship between two categorical variables.