. 2024 Nov 20;14:28740. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-79457-1

Table 2.

Literature on the study of lemon peel oil as a fuel in SI engines.

Reference with year	Engine type	Test condition	Blend type and ratio	Comparison of various parameters with that of sole Gasoline	Key conclusion
Velavan et al.³⁹, (2020)	Twin cylinder Four-stroke Port fuel injection CR: 9.5:1 RP: 25.74 kW	Load test (BP: 1.6, 3.2, 4.8, 6.4, 8 kW) Engine Speed @ 2400 rpm	LPO : Gasoline 10:90 20:80 30:70	> > <	- - -	> > <	> > <	< > >	< > >	< > >	10% LPO blended gasoline exhibited better engine characteristics than sole gasoline. Gasoline can be replaced by LPO by 10% without any engine modification.
Biswal et al.⁴², (2020)	Single cylinder Four-stroke Port fuel injection CR – 10:1	Load test (BMEP: 2.35, 3.52, 4.7 bar) Engine Speed @ 1500 rpm	LPO : Gasoline 20:80 40:60	> >	< <	~ ~	~ ~	< <	> >	< <	LPO may be utilized up to 40% as a partial substitute for gasoline in PFI-equipped SI engines with the penalty of NOx emissions without requiring substantial engine modification.
Biswal et al.⁴³, (2020)	Single cylinder Four-stroke Port fuel injection CR – 10:1	Load test (BMEP: 2.35, 3.52, 4.7 bar) Engine Speed @ 1500 rpm	LPO : Gasoline 40:60 Ethanol : Gasoline 20:80 LPO: Ethanol: Gasoline 20:20:60 40:20:40	> < ~ ~	< > > >	~ > > >	~ > > >	< < < <	> > > >	< > < <	LPO: Ethanol: Gasoline :: 40:20:40 blend showed comparable performance to that of sole gasoline. The blend has the potential to replace the gasoline by 60% without requiring any changes in existing engines. With the use of 10% EGR, the NOx is reduced.

Reference with year

Engine type

Test condition

Blend type and ratio

Comparison of various parameters with that of sole Gasoline

Key conclusion

Performance

Combustion

Emission

BTE

BSFC

HRR

NOx

Velavan et al.³⁹, (2020)

Twin cylinder

Four-stroke

Port fuel injection

CR: 9.5:1

RP: 25.74 kW

Load test

(BP: 1.6, 3.2, 4.8, 6.4, 8 kW)

Engine Speed @ 2400 rpm

LPO : Gasoline

10:90

20:80

30:70

10% LPO blended gasoline exhibited better engine characteristics than sole gasoline.

Gasoline can be replaced by LPO by 10% without any engine modification.

Biswal et al.⁴², (2020)

Single cylinder

Four-stroke

Port fuel injection

CR – 10:1

Load test (BMEP: 2.35, 3.52, 4.7 bar)

Engine Speed @ 1500 rpm

LPO : Gasoline

20:80

40:60

LPO may be utilized up to 40% as a partial substitute for gasoline in PFI-equipped SI engines with the penalty of NOx emissions without requiring substantial engine modification.

Biswal et al.⁴³, (2020)

Single cylinder

Four-stroke

Port fuel injection

CR – 10:1

Load test (BMEP: 2.35, 3.52, 4.7 bar)

Engine Speed @ 1500 rpm

LPO : Gasoline

40:60

Ethanol : Gasoline

20:80

LPO: Ethanol: Gasoline

20:20:60

40:20:40

LPO: Ethanol: Gasoline :: 40:20:40 blend showed comparable performance to that of sole gasoline.

The blend has the potential to replace the gasoline by 60% without requiring any changes in existing engines.

With the use of 10% EGR, the NOx is reduced.

CR compression ratio, RP rated power, BP brake power, BMEP brake mean effective pressure, BTE brake thermal efficiency, BSFC brake specific fuel consumption, CP cylinder pressure, HRR heat release rate, CO carbon monoxide, NOx oxides of nitrogen, HC hydrocarbon, ‘<’ lesser than, ‘>’ greater than, ‘~’ comparable.