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. 2024 Nov 20;15:10047. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54285-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Cross-sectional (110)^Si STEM image showing two nanoislands in the thin BaTiO₃ film. b Cross-sectional (110)^Si high-angle annular dark-field high-resolution STEM image of the BaTiO₃ nanoisland seen on the right side of (a). The region marked in the dashed rectangular is a protrusion under the BaTiO₃ nanoisland, which originates from the excess of Sr and triggers the nucleation of the nanoisland. c The zoomed part of this region is represented by heavy atoms only (Sr and Ba). Edge dislocations with in-plane and out-of-plane Burgers vectors are indicated. d Rigid-body rotation map showing the rotation of the unit cells (black rectangular) and (e) Relative displacement rotation map showing the direction of Ti atoms displacement from the barycenter position of the Ba(Sr) cells, in the nanoisland and the thin film. The STEM images were obtained from the sample with the lower density of nanoislands shown in Fig. 1d, f.