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. 2024 Nov 20;15:10039. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54482-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, b HAADF-STEM images of the HT700 and HT900 cross-sectional samples followed by elemental maps for Nb, O, Ni, Fe, Al, and Ti corresponding to the areas enclosed by the dashed red boxes and averaged elemental line profiles starting from the surface of the sample going downward in the red arrow direction. c, d Phase map analysis of the areas enclosed by the shaded blue boxes in the HT700 and HT900 sample images shown in (a) and (b), respectively. White arrows in (c) represent the sliding direction. Yellow and blue arrows in (c) represent corundum-structured and spinel-structured metal oxide layer, respectively. Hexagonal (167), tetragonal (98), monoclinic (12), and cubic (227) phases are represented by the green, blue, red, and magenta-colored regions, respectively. SG represents the space group. AP and HT represent as-printed and heat-treated, respectively. Example NBED patterns and their corresponding Bloch wave simulation matches are shown outlined with their color-coordinated phase match.