Table 2:

Proposed leverage points to address UCI influence on public health policy formulation, categorized according to the intervention level framework (ILF)

Level	Proposed intervention
Paradigm	1. De-normalize the inclusion of unhealthy commodity industries in government processes and political events 2. Move away from a prioritization of economic profit over population health and wellbeing
Goals	3. Implement and adhere to strong governance principles throughout government to guide policy-maker engagement with industry
	4. Adopt a Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach throughout government
	5. Develop clear and measurable long-term goals for public health
	6. Avoid narratives relating to partnership as a principle of good governance in normative documents
	7. Ensure the presence of public health advocates in all policy processes to balance other involved stakeholders
System structure	8. Engage from a cross-commodity starting point as public health advocates
	9. Require independent external evaluations of public–private partnerships to avoid and expose biased evaluations.
	10. Increase co-production of public health research with relevant civil society and public health actors
	11. Require transparency of industry funding to any groups or organizations
	12. Require research institutions to develop policies for mitigating or eliminating financial conflicts of interest 13. Routinely perform assessment of bias related to funding source as part of evidence evaluation and synthesis
	14. Ensure that research on unhealthy commodities considers wider policy implications of the research and provides recommendations for policy and action
Feedback and delays	15. Engage with industry shareholders on public health topics to advocate for prioritization of health/social gains over profit 16. Enhance policy-maker knowledge on unhealthy commodities and their public health impact 17. Generate independent evidence on the commercial determinants of health
	18. Run campaigns to increase public interest and knowledge on unhealthy commodities and their public health impact
Structural elements	19. Develop coherent narratives and media messaging across public health advocates and academics surrounding unhealthy commodity industries
	20. Clear guidance on partnership with non-state actors
	21. Avoid tobacco industry exceptionalism
	22. Regulate unhealthy commodity industry products