Table 4.

The result of the difference-in-differences estimation.

	Model 1	P valuea
Hacking or IT incident	Included	—b
Improper disposal	–1.170c	<.001
Loss	–1.330c	<.001
Other	–1.074c	<.001
Theft	–1.205c	<.001
Unauthorized access or disclosure	–1.361c	<.001
Unknown	–1.267d	.02
Business associate	Included	—
Health plan	–0.382c	<.001
Health care clearinghouse	–0.388	.50
Health care provider	–0.412c	<.001
Treated time (difference-in-differences effect)	0.0828	.50
Constant	8.741c	<.001
Observations	5140	—
R 2	0.14	—

^aTwo-tailed t test.

^bNot applicable.