Table 2.
Characteristics of women enrolled in the trial by arm.
| Characteristic | Control | Intervention | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Frequency | % | N | Frequency | % | N | Frequency | % | |
| Caste | |||||||||
| Dalit | 161 | 31 | 19.3 | 158 | 24 | 15.2 | 319 | 55 | 17.2 |
| Janajati | 4 | 2.5 | 1 | 0.6 | 5 | 1.6 | |||
| Muslim | 44 | 27.3 | 48 | 30.4 | 92 | 28.8 | |||
| Middle Madheshi | 78 | 48.4 | 81 | 51.3 | 159 | 49.8 | |||
| Brahmin/Chettri | 4 | 2.5 | 4 | 2.5 | 8 | 2.5 | |||
| Primary source of household income | |||||||||
| Farming | 161 | 101 | 62.7 | 158 | 108 | 68.4 | 319 | 209 | 65.5 |
| Animal husbandry | 3 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.3 | 5 | 1.6 | |||
| Skilled labor | 11 | 6.8 | 13 | 8.2 | 24 | 7.5 | |||
| Unskilled labor | 28 | 17.4 | 16 | 10.1 | 44 | 13.8 | |||
| Job/business/other | 7 | 4.3 | 10 | 6.3 | 17 | 5.3 | |||
| Remittances | 11 | 6.8 | 9 | 5.7 | 20 | 6.3 | |||
| Gravida | |||||||||
| Primigravida | 161 | 35 | 21.7 | 158 | 34 | 21.5 | 319 | 69 | 21.6 |
| 1 previous pregnancy | 44 | 27.3 | 44 | 27.8 | 88 | 27.6 | |||
| 2 previous pregnancies | 39 | 24.2 | 24 | 15.2 | 63 | 19.7 | |||
| 3+ previous pregnancies | 43 | 26.7 | 56 | 35.4 | 99 | 31.0 | |||
| Pregnant woman’s education | |||||||||
| No schooling | 161 | 51 | 31.7 | 158 | 61 | 38.6 | 319 | 112 | 35.1 |
| Primary to grade 8 | 69 | 42.9 | 61 | 38.6 | 130 | 40.8 | |||
| Secondary grade 9 and above | 41 | 25.5 | 36 | 22.8 | 77 | 24.1 | |||
| Pregnant woman’s literacy | |||||||||
| Cannot read (ref) | 161 | 71 | 44.1 | 158 | 84 | 53.2 | 319 | 155 | 48.6 |
| Reads with difficulty or easily | 90 | 55.9 | 74 | 46.8 | 164 | 51.4 | |||
| Pregnant woman’s access to a phone | |||||||||
| No phone access | 161 | 49 | 30.4 | 158 | 42 | 26.6 | 319 | 91 | 28.5 |
| Owns or accesses a push-button phone | 161 | 63 | 39.1 | 158 | 64 | 40.5 | 319 | 127 | 39.8 |
| Owns or accesses a smartphone | 161 | 90 | 55.9 | 158 | 83 | 52.5 | 319 | 173 | 54.2 |
| Woman’s knowledge of using the internet | |||||||||
| No knowledge | 161 | 70 | 43.5 | 158 | 66 | 41.8 | 319 | 136 | 42.6 |
| Some/little experience | 66 | 41.0 | 72 | 45.6 | 138 | 43.3 | |||
| Experienced | 25 | 15.5 | 20 | 12.7 | 45 | 14.1 | |||
| Continuous variables | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD |
| Household size | 161 | 8.8 | 4.9 | 158 | 8.8 | 5.1 | 319 | 8.8 | 5.0 |
| Total number of children (alive) | 161 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 158 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 319 | 1.6 | 1.5 |
| Age of pregnant woman | 161 | 25.2 | 4.0 | 158 | 25.7 | 4.8 | 319 | 25.5 | 4.4 |
| Age at marriage | 161 | 18.4 | 2.4 | 158 | 18.3 | 2.4 | 319 | 18.3 | 2.4 |
| Age at first pregnancy | 161 | 20.4 | 2.1 | 158 | 20.3 | 2.7 | 319 | 20.4 | 2.4 |
| Age of first menstruation | 161 | 13.5 | 1.3 | 158 | 13.6 | 1.3 | 319 | 13.6 | 1.3 |
| Continuous variables | N | Median | IQR | N | Median | IQR | N | Median | IQR |
| Gestational age at enrolment (baseline) | 161 | 18.4 | 14.9, 22.6 | 156 | 17.5 | 14.1, 23.4 | 317 | 18.0 | 14.4, 22.9 |
| Gestational age at follow-up (endline) | 157 | 26.1 | 23.1, 30.4 | 124 | 26.1 | 23.3, 30.8 | 281 | 26.1 | 23.1, 30.7 |
IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.