Figure 4.

Cell culture and antimicrobial activity of the printed cellulose aerogels. a) DIW of the cylinders (diameter 6 mm, height 9 mm) for compression tests (top), and the images of the freshly printed hydrogel, dried aerogel, and rehydrated hydrogel scaffolds (ink 4CNF_10CNC) with lattice structure (grid size of ≈320 µm) for the cell culture evaluation (bottom). b) N₂ sorption isotherms of the aerogels dried from fresh prepared and rehydrated 4CNF_10CNC and their specific surface area and pore volume (insert). c) Cyclic compression of the freshly prepared and rehydrated hydrogels from ink 4CNF_10CNC. d) NIH/3T3 cells seeded over the cellulose scaffolds (4CNF_10CNC fresh hydrogel) demonstrate high cell viability (> 90%) at day 1; green (Calcein AM) indicates viable cells, red (Ethidium homodimer) indicates dead cells. e) Confocal images of fixed samples on day 7 demonstrate that the cells proliferated over the cellulose scaffolds; blue: DAPI, red: Phalloidin (actin). f) In culture, NIH/3T3 cell viability on 4CNF_10CNC fresh and rehydrated hydrogels was high after 1 and 3 days (> 90%). g) Cellular metabolic activity (determined from the MTT assay) of cells cultured in the presence of the fresh cellulose hydrogel was not significantly different from the controls (no scaffold) during 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of culture. h) TEM image of the AgNP‐loaded cellulose aerogel and the SAED pattern of the Ag NP (insert). i) Growth of E. coli (OD600 = 0.3) in an LB‐agar plate with AgNP loaded 4CNF_10CNC. j) Bacteria survival rate on the AgNP loaded 4CNF_2CNC after 1, 2, and 4 h.