Table 1.
Bivariate Analyses Comparing Participants in the Three Intervention Arms
| Variables | In-person Intervention Group (n= 79) | Virtual/Hybrid Intervention Group (n=90) | Self-help/Control Group (n=63) | Total (n=232) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
|
| ||||
| Quit Smoking | ||||
| No | 58 (73.4) | 74 (82.2) | 54 (85.7) | 186 (80.2) |
| Yes | 21 (26.6) | 16 (17.8) | 9 (14.3) | 46 (19.8) |
| Age (years)* | ||||
| 50 years or less | 20 (25.3) | 10 (11.1) | 17 (27.0) | 47 (20.3) |
| More than 50 years | 59 (74.7) | 79 (87.8) | 44 (69.8) | 182 (78.4) |
| Missing | - | 1 (1.1) | 2 (3.2) | 3 (1.3) |
| Gender** | ||||
| Men | 30 (38.0) | 35 (38.9) | 42 (66.7) | 107 (46.1) |
| Women | 45 (56.9) | 53 (58.9) | 19 (30.1) | 117 (50.4) |
| Missing | 4 (5.1) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (3.2) | 8 (3.5) |
| Race* | ||||
| Black American | 68 (86.1) | 81 (90.0) | 43 (68.2) | 192 (82.8) |
| White | 8 (10.1) | 4 (4.5) | 15 (23.8) | 27 (11.6) |
| Other/Multiple | 2 (2.5) | 3 (3.3) | 3 (4.8) | 8 (3.4) |
| Missing | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (3.2) | 5 (2.2) |
| Educational Attainment | ||||
| Some high school or less | 19 (24.05) | 27 (30.00) | 18 (28.57) | 64 (27.6) |
| Graduated from high school/GED | 29 (36.71) | 32 (35.56) | 21 (33.33) | 82 (35.3) |
| Some college | 20 (25.32) | 20 (22.22) | 14 (22.22) | 54 (23.3) |
| Bachelor or more | 11 (13.92) | 9 (10.00) | 8 (12.70) | 28 (12.1) |
| Missing | - | 2 (2.22) | 2 (3.17) | 4 (1.7) |
| Family Income | ||||
| Less than $25,000 | 40 (50.63) | 60 (66.67) | 40 (63.49) | 140 (60.3) |
| $25,000 or more | 11 (13.92) | 8 (8.89) | 3 (4.76) | 22 (9.5) |
| Missing | 28 (35.44) | 22 (24.44) | 20 (31.75) | 70 (30.) |
| Employment | ||||
| No | 68 (86.08) | 83 (92.22) | 54 (85.71) | 205 (88.4) |
| Yes | 10 (12.66) | 4 (4.44) | 6 (9.52) | 20 (8.6) |
| Missing | 1 (1.27) | 3 (3.33) | 3 (4.76) | 7 (3.0) |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Not married | 71 (89.87) | 80 (88.89) | 49 (77.78) | 200 (86.21) |
| Married | 8 (10.13) | 8 (8.89) | 12 (19.05) | 28 (12.07) |
| Missing | - | 2 (2.22) | 2 (3.17) | 4 (1.72) |
| General Health | ||||
| Poor/fair | 38 (48.1) | 45 (50.0) | 32 (50.8) | 115 (49.6) |
| Excellent/good | 41 (51.9) | 43 (47.8) | 29 (46.0) | 113 (48.7) |
| Missing | - | 2 (2.2) | 2 (3.2) | 4 (1.7) |
| Behavioral Health Problems | ||||
| Alcohol abuse/dependence (Yes)*** | 16 (20.3) | 14 (15.6) | 29 (46.0) | 59 (25.4) |
| Drug addiction/abuse/dependence (Yes) | 7 (8.9) | 9 (10.0) | 6 (9.5) | 22 (9.5) |
| Problem Experienced During CEASE Class** | ||||
| No | 77 (97.47) | 73 (81.11) | 58 (92.06) | 208 (89.66) |
| Yes | 2 (2.53) | 17 (18.89) | 5 (7.94) | 24 (10.34) |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Fagerstrom (at baseline) | 4.1 (1.9) | 4.4 (2.1) | 4.8 (2.0) | 4.4 (2.0) |
| Depression* | 1.4 (1.9) | 1.0 (1.5) | 1.6 (1.7) | 1.3 (1.7) |
| Perceived Stress Scale | 5.1 (3.1) | 5.0 (3.2) | 5.8 (2.9) | 5.3 (3.1) |
| Perceived Social Support | 4.1 (1.0) | 4.2(0.9) | 3.8 (1.1) | 4.1 (1.0) |
| CEASE Class Satisfaction*** | 9.5 (1.0) | 8.9 (1.6) | 8.2 (2.0) | 8.9 (1.7) |
| Helpfulness of CEASE Class** | 9.0 (1.4) | 8.6 (1.7) | 7.9 (1.9) | 8.6 (1.7) |
Abbreviations: SD= Standard Deviation;
***
P < 0.001,
**
P < 0.01,
*
P < 0.05.