Table 3.

Multivariable logistic regression showing factors associated with non-remission and non-response among those with mild symptoms and moderate-to-severe symptoms at baseline

	Mild depressive symptoms at baseline (PHQ-9 = 5–9) (n = 2513)						Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms at baseline (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) (n = 1640)
	Non-remissiona (n = 372)			Non-responseb (n = 754)			Non-remissiona (n = 412)			Non-responseb (n = 202)
	aOR	95% CI	p	aOR	95% CI	p	aOR	95% CI	p	aOR	95% CI	p
Personal background factors
Female sex	1.14	0.83–1.55	0.42	1.11	0.87–1.41	0.41	1.03	0.75–1.41	0.87	1.32	0.86–2.03	0.20
Age	1.00	0.98–1.02	0.98	1.00	0.99–1.02	0.69	1.00	0.99–1.02	0.61	1.01	0.99–1.03	0.43
Years of education	1.02	0.99–1.05	0.29	1.01	0.98–1.03	0.60	1.00	0.98–1.03	0.78	1.03	0.99–1.07	0.14
Receiving social security assistance	1.30	0.99–1.71	0.060	1.16	0.94–1.44	0.17	1.38	1.04–1.84	0.026	1.29	0.90–1.85	0.17
Living alone	0.86	0.66–1.11	0.25	0.94	0.78–1.14	0.55	0.83	0.64–1.08	0.16	1.04	0.74–1.44	0.83
Prior stress exposure
Has history of abuse	0.77	0.32–1.86	0.56	0.67	0.34–1.32	0.25	1.82	1.18–2.81	0.007	2.01	1.21–3.34	0.007
Psychiatric and physical illness history
Has diagnosis of depression/anxiety	0.63	0.41–0.98	0.040	0.67	0.49–0.91	0.010	0.97	0.74–1.28	0.84	0.91	0.64–1.30	0.60
Has multimorbidity (≥ 4 chronic diseases)	0.63	0.37–1.09	0.10	0.59	0.40–0.87	0.007	1.21	0.72–2.05	0.47	1.35	0.70–2.58	0.37
Has chronic pain	0.60	0.45–0.80	< 0.001	0.81	0.66–1.00	0.044	0.60	0.46–0.79	< 0.001	0.67	0.47–0.95	0.026
Need for informal care
Informal care required due to mental health reasons	2.29	1.68–3.11	< 0.001	1.48	1.14–1.92	0.003	1.40	1.01–1.96	0.046	1.42	0.92–2.15	0.098
Cognition
Cognitive capacity (MoCA 5-min)	0.91	0.88–0.93	< 0.001	0.94	0.91–0.96	< 0.001	1.00	0.97–1.03	0.87	0.96	0.92–1.00	0.051
Suicidal ideation
Current suicidal ideation	1.60	1.14–2.26	0.007	1.00	0.74–1.34	0.98	1.29	1.00–1.67	0.051	1.13	0.81–1.57	0.48
Mental health symptoms
Moderate-to-severe anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 ≥ 10)	1.86	1.36–2.54	< 0.001	1.06	0.81–1.39	0.65	2.17	1.70–2.78	< 0.001	1.58	1.15–2.18	0.005
High loneliness (UCLA3 ≥ 7)	2.17	1.64–2.87	< 0.001	1.56	1.24–1.98	< 0.001	1.78	1.37–2.30	< 0.001	1.82	1.31–2.52	< 0.001

Statistics significant at the p < 0.05 level are boldfaced. GAD-7 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, MoCA 5-min Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-min, PHQ-9 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, UCLA3 UCLA 3-item Loneliness Scale

^a Non-remission is defined PHQ-9 ≥ 5 post-intervention, which is indicative of failure to achieve clinical remission

^b Non-response is defined < 50% reduction in PHQ-9 post-intervention, which is indicative of failure to achieve clinical response