Table 2.
HKA angle prediction performance for retrospective and temporal validation cohorts across ResNet variants
| Model | Retrospective cohort (cross-validation) | Temporal validation cohort (test) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MAE, ° | Bias, ° | R2 | MAE, ° | Bias, ° | R2 | |
| Left limb | ||||||
| ResNet-18 | 0.852 (0.664) | − 0.005 (1.081) | 0.959 | 1.531 (0.933) | 0.971 (1.517) | 0.888 |
| ResNet-34 | 0.962 (0.751) | − 0.057 (1.219) | 0.948 | 1.633 (1.184) | 1.129 (1.681) | 0.859 |
| ResNet-50 | 1.005 (0.812) | 0.152 (1.284) | 0.941 | 1.508 (1.330) | 0.127 (2.018) | 0.860 |
| ResNet-101 | 0.992 (0.807) | − 0.110 (1.275) | 0.943 | 1.649 (1.447) | − 0.033 (2.206) | 0.833 |
| ResNet-152 | 0.983 (0.774) | 0.135 (1.245) | 0.945 | 1.725 (1.462) | 0.143 (2.270) | 0.823 |
| Right limb | ||||||
| ResNet-18 | 0.839 (0.666) | − 0.048 (1.071) | 0.960 | 1.351 (0.826) | 1.157 (1.086) | 0.860 |
| ResNet-34 | 0.850 (0.698) | 0.066 (1.099) | 0.957 | 1.476 (0.987) | 1.281 (1.233) | 0.824 |
| ResNet-50 | 1.193 (0.977) | − 0.201 (1.529) | 0.917 | 0.990 (0.771) | − 0.143 (1.255) | 0.912 |
| ResNet-101 | 1.115 (0.877) | − 0.592 (1.289) | 0.929 | 1.242 (0.988) | − 0.292 (1.569) | 0.860 |
| ResNet-152 | 1.030 (0.845) | − 0.325 (1.293) | 0.938 | 1.369 (1.116) | 0.476 (1.711) | 0.826 |
| Both limbs merged | ||||||
| ResNet-18 | 0.845 (0.665) | − 0.027 (1.075) | 0.959 | 1.441 (0.882) | 1.064 (1.316) | 0.878 |
| ResNet-34 | 0.906 (0.727) | 0.004 (1.162) | 0.953 | 1.554 (1.087) | 1.205 (1.469) | 0.846 |
| ResNet-50 | 1.099 (0.903) | − 0.025 (1.422) | 0.929 | 1.249 (1.112) | − 0.008 (1.677) | 0.880 |
| ResNet-101 | 1.053 (0.845) | − 0.351 (1.304) | 0.936 | 1.445 (1.249) | − 0.162 (1.909) | 0.844 |
| ResNet-152 | 1.006 (0.810) | − 0.095 (1.289) | 0.941 | 1.547 (1.306) | 0.309 (2.007) | 0.825 |
Standard deviations for MAE and bias are provided in parentheses