Table 3.

Representative natural products coordinated with Cu^+/2+

NO	Natural products	Metal ions	Preparation	TME Response		Size	Treatment	Bioimaging	Reference
1	Diethyldithiocarbamate, DDTC	Cu2+	Stirring	NIR		~ 8.8 nm	PTT/PDT/CT	PAI/PTI	[87]
2	Paclitaxel, doxorubicin	Cu2+	Thin-film hydration method	ROS/GSH		128.5 ± 2.610 nm	CDT/CT	–	[118]
3	Indocyanine green, ICG; pheophorbide A, PhA	Cu2+	Stirring	pH/GSH/NIR		~ 141.6 nm	PTT/PDT/CDT	FI/PAI/PTI	[100]
4	Indocyanine green, ICG; hyaluronic acid, HA	Cu2+	Stirring	pH		–	PTT/CDT	PTI/FI	[101]
5	Cardamonin	Cu2+	–	–		–	CT/CDT	–	[95]
6	poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) backbone and iminodiacetic acid (IDA), PPEIDA; DOX	Cu2+	Stirring	pH		~ 171.7 nm	CT	–	[113]
7	Hyaluronic acid, HA; fluorescence dye, Cy	Cu2+	Stirring	GSH		~ 100 nm	CDT/PTT	FI/PTI	[102]
8	3-hydroxy-4’-carboxyl flavone (Fle)	Cu2+	Sonicated	NIR/GSH		~ 150 nm,	CO/CDT	–	[117]
9	N-acetylcysteine	Cu2+	–	–		~ 80 nm	CT	–	[116]
10	5′-guanosine monophosphate, 5'-GMP	Cu2+	Stirring	Ionizing radiation		100 ± 7.48 nm	radioimmunotherapy/CDT	–	[105]
11	Apoferritin	Cu2+	Stirring	pH		~ 20 nm	Autophagy-dependent apoptosis, CT	–	[119]
12	Polydopamine, PDA	Cu2+	Magnetic stirring	NIR		~ 130 nm	CDT/PTT	–	[92]
13	Doxorubicin, NLG919	Cu2+	Magnetic stirring			139.3 ± 0.6 nm	ICD/CDT	MRI	[103]
14	Morusin; Doxorubicin, DOX	Cu2+	Mixed centrifugal resuspension	GSH		97.85 ± 0.42 nm	PCD/CT	–	[83]
15	Naringenin, Nar	Cu2+	–	–		–	CDT/CT	–	[96]
16	Thioglycolic acid, TGA	Cu2+	self-assemble	GSH		~ 43.8 nm	CDT	–	[91]
17	Ixazomib, IXZ	Cu2+	Reversed-phase microemulsion method, stirring	GSH		–	CT	FI	[84]
18	Curcumin,Cur; 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid, BPYD	Cu2+	–	–		–	CT	–	[97]
19	Doxorubicin, DOX	Cu2+	Stirring	pH, NIR		~ 100 nm	PDT/CDT/CT	–	[88]
20	Phosphorus dendrimer-copper (II) complexes (1G (3) -Cu)	Cu2+	Stirring	TME		~ 210 nm	ICD/CT	MRI	[120]
21	Shikonin	Cu2+	Stirring	ROS		~ 120 nm	CT	FI	[98]
22	Tirapazamine; ICG	Cu2+	Ultrasound, Stirring, dialysis	GSH, Hypoxia		~ 150 nm	CT/CDT/PDT	FI/PTI	[93]
23	Amphiphilic amino acids; glucose oxidase, GOx; doxorubicin, DOX; camptothecin, CPT	Cu2+	–	TME		–	CT/CDT	–	[121]
24	Linoleic acid hydroperoxide, LAHP	Cu2+	Stirring	pH		~ 100 nm	PDT/ICD	–	[104]
25	Combretastatin A4, CA4; mitoxantrone, MIT	Cu2+	–	pH		–	CT	–	[115]
26	Dopamine, DA	Cu2+	Stirring	TME		~ 171.2 nm	CDT/CT/PTT	PAI/PTI	[89]
27	Celastrol, CST; ICG	Cu2+	Stirring	GSH		~ 110 nm	CDT/CT/PTT	PTI	[99]
28	Disulfiram, DSF; mitoxantrone, MTO	Cu2+	Stirring, ultrasonically disperse	pH		~ 110 nm	CT/CDT	–	[122]
29	Gallic acid, GA	Cu2+	Stirring, hydration	GSH		~ 50 nm	PTT/CDT	PTI	[123]
30	Tannic acid, TA	Cu2+	Magnetic stirring	TME		~ 133.5 nm	PTT/CDT	PTI	[94]
31	Glycyrrhizic acid, GA; norcantharidin, NCTD	Cu2+	Magnetic stirring	NIR		–	CDT/CT/cuproptosis	FI	[107]
32	Human H-ferritin	Cu2+	Magnetic stirring	pH		~ 15.5 nm	cuproptosis/CT	FI	[108]
33	L-cysteine; polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP	Cu2+	Stirring	pH		~ 100 nm	CDT/CT	–	[124]
34	Zinc protoporphyrin IX, ZnPPIX	Cu2+	ultrasound-assisted synthesis; Stirring	GSH		178 nm*60 nm	CDT/CT	–	[125]
35	Histidines in ARGD polypeptide	Cu2+	chelation	TME		~ 60 nm	CT/CDT	FI	[126]
36	Dopamine, DA	Cu2+	Magnetic stirring	pH		~ 100 nm	CDT/PTT/CT	PAI/PTI	[127]
37	Gum Arabic, GA	Cu2+	Magnetic stirring and shaken in a rotating incubator	pH/GSH		~ 92.17 nm	CT/CDT	–	[16]
38	Apatinib	Cu2+	–	TME		–	CT/CDT	–	[128]
39	Axitinib	Cu2+	Stirring; dialysis	pH		~ 180 nm	CT/CDT	FI	[85]
40	Evans Blue, EB; 5-hydroxy-p-naphthoquinone, HND	Cu2+	shaking	TME		~ 200 nm	CDT/CT	FI	[86]
41	Zinc phosphate, ZnP; prussian blue, PB	Cu2+	Stirring	pH		~ 160 nm	CDT/PTT/CT	PTI	[129]
42	Cinnamaldehyde	Cu2+	–		white LED light irradiation		CDT	–	[130]