Table 1.

Characteristics of participants by magnesium intake levels, in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007 to 2018

Characteristics	Tertiles of dietary magnesium (mg/day)			P value
	Tertile1 (≤ 224)	Tertile2 (225–340)	Tertile3 (≥ 341)
Number	2,389	2,386	2,469
Mg, mean (SE), mg	162.5 (0.6)	279.5 (0.4)	497.4 (0.7)
Age, mean (SE), years	26.3 (0.1)	26.8 (0.1)	27.5 (0.1)	< 0.001
Men, %	37.7	47.4	63.3	< 0.001
BMI, mean (SE), kg/m2	28.8 (0.2)	28.3 (0.2)	27.4 (0.2)	< 0.001
Race, %				< 0.001
Non-Hispanic white	65.7	69.9	74.9
Non-Hispanic black	17.6	11.9	8.7
Hispanic	7.8	8.4	7.3
Other	8.9	9.8	9.1
Education, %				< 0.001
Less than high school	17.5	12.2	11.4
High school graduate/GED	30.5	22.1	18.9
Some college or above	52.0	65.7	69.7
Family income-poverty ratio, %				< 0.001
<1.30	37.3	26.9	25.0
1.30–2.99	33.7	30.2	31.0
3.00–4.99	17.4	24.6	21.5
≥ 5.00	11.6	18.3	22.5
Drinking, %				< 0.001
Non-drinker	24.5	19.5	14.7
Drinker	75.5	80.5	85.3
Smoking, %				0.002
Non-smoker	59.6	65.0	61.6
Smoker	40.4	35.0	38.4
Physical activity, %				< 0.001
Active	31.7	40.2	53.1
Inactive	68.3	59.8	46.9
Dietary intake, mean (SE)
Total energy, kcal	3090.2 (12.6)	2226.7 (17.6)	1576.1 (16.0)	< 0.001
Saturated fat, g	37.9 (0.6)	28.7 (0.4)	19.3 (0.3)	< 0.001
Dietary fiber, g	8.8 (0.1)	15.2 (0.1)	25.2 (0.3)	< 0.001
Zinc, mg	7.3 (0.1)	11.4 (0.1)	16.8 (0.2)	< 0.001
Vitamin B6, mg	1.4 (0.0)	2.1 (0.0)	3.3 (0.1)	< 0.001
Vitamin D, µg	2.3 (0.1)	4.1 (0.1)	6.8 (0.2)	< 0.001
Comorbid conditions, %
Liver disease	1.3	1.1	1.1	0.041
Stomach or intestinal disease	8.8	7.5	6.3	0.027
Kidney disease	1.6	1.3	1.2	0.023

BMI, body mass index; SE, standard error; Mg, magnesium