Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of newly-onset type 1 diabetes children with and without coronavirus disease 2019 infection history
|
Variables
|
Total (n = 197)
|
Infection group1 (n = 57)
|
Vaccination only group2 (n = 68)
|
Non-infection/non-vaccination group3 (n = 72)
|
P value
|
| Female, n (%) | 94 (47.7) | 29 (50.9) | 30 (44.1) | 35 (48.6) | 0.739 |
| Age (year) | 8.10 ± 3.47 | 8.75 ± 3.65 | 9.21 ± 2.75 | 6.53 ± 3.41 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 11.92 ± 1.83 | 11.83 ± 1.71 | 12.02 ± 1.85 | 11.90 ± 1.92 | 0.838 |
| Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL) | 0.24 ± 0.22 | 0.26 ± 0.25 | 0.26 ± 0.18 | 0.22 ± 0.21 | 0.365 |
| DKA, n (%) | 116 (58.9) | 40 (70.2) | 31 (45.6) | 45 (62.5) | 0.015 |
| Autoantibodies, n (%) | |||||
| GADA | 142 (72.1) | 32 (56.1) | 52 (76.5) | 58 (80.6) | 0.005 |
| IAA | 50 (25.4) | 14 (24.6) | 15 (22.1) | 21 (29.2) | 0.618 |
| IA-2A | 140 (71.1) | 44 (77.2) | 48 (70.6) | 48 (66.7) | 0.422 |
| ICA | 13 (6.6) | 5 (8.8) | 5 (7.4) | 3 (4.2) | 0.551 |
| ZnT8A | 8 (4.1) | 2 (3.6) | 1 (1.5) | 5 (6.9) | 0.256 |
1
Infection group: Children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection history.
2
Vaccination only group: Children with COVID-19 vaccination history but without COVID-19 infection history.
3
Non-infection/non-vaccination group: Children had neither COVID-19 vaccination history nor COVID-19 infection history.
Values are expressed as mean ± SD or frequencies (%). DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis; GADA: Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; IAA: Autoantibodies against insulin; IA-2A: Protein tyrosine phosphatase antibody; ICA: Islet cell antibodies; ZnT8A: Zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies.