Table 1.

Key feature differences among LUKB, UK Biobank RAP, and ukbtools.

Feature	LUKB	UK Biobank RAP	ukbtools
Type	Web tool	Web tool	R package
Purpose	Comprehensive data preparation	Commercial data analysis platform	Data preparation for downstream steps
Data import	Automatic decryption (.enc, .key, MD5)	Automatically assigned on platform	Manual decryption and conversion
Data extraction	Batch field selection with preview	Manual field selection, separate preview	Not available
Data Mapping	Automatic with custom mapping support	Only mapped or unmapped data can be access, no partial mapping	Only header mapping
Cost	Free	Costs for data storage, extraction, and download	Free