Table 1.

Inclusion and Exclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Patients 18 years or older	Patients diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Dispensed ≥1 non-insulin glucose-lowering medication in 2020 from CNHSA pharmacy Met the TEN-SPIDERS-derived criteria (Table 2)29 Patients dispensed insulin in addition to other non-insulin glucose-lowering medication were included but engagement to insulin was not calculated	Patients with a diagnosis code of pure hyperglyceridemia, other specified diabetes mellitus, and diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition with diabetic chronic kidney disease Patients who were only dispensed insulin