Fig. 6 |. PROTAV-TgT, in combination with ICB, elicited systemic antitumor immunity for robust melanoma immunotherapy.

a, Timeline for melanoma therapy study using PROTAV-TgT, alone or combined with αPD-1, in B16F10 melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice. B16F10 cells were s.c. inoculated into mice. Treatment started when the average tumor volumes reached 40 mm³. αPD-1: 150 μg, i.p. administration. b-d, Average B16F10 melanoma tumor growth curves (b), individual tumor growth curves (c), and Kaplan-Meier mouse survival curves of the above mice (d). Results showed that, relative to TgT, PROTAV-TgT, alone or combined with αPD-1, facilitated the tumor regression, promoted B16F10 melanoma therapeutic response, and improved mouse survival. e, Timeline for SM1 therapy study using PROTAV-TgT, alone or combined with αPD-1 and αCTLA-4, in Braf^V600E SM1 melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice. SM1 tumors were first propagated in immunodeficient NSG mice, followed by tumor tissue excision and s.c. transplantation into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Treatment started when the average tumor volumes reached 150 mm³. αPD-1 and αCTLA-4: 100 μg each, i.p. administration. f-g, Average (f) and individual (g) SM1 tumor growth curves after the above treatments. h-i, Kaplan-Meier mouse survival (h) and mouse body weights (i) after the above treatments. Vaccines (PROTAV-TgT or TgT, Svg3, and CpG) were co-loaded in SM-102 LNPs and s.c. injected at mouse tail base (dose: 50 μg antigen, 2 nmole CpG, 1 nmole Svg3). CR: complete regression. Data represent mean ± s.e.m. (n = 6–8); statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test.