Table 1. Clinical characteristics of CS according to major published studies.

References: [53,54,56,58,59]

The clinical criteria proposed by these major studies allow clinicians to immediately identify patients suffering from or at increased risk for CS. They can therefore timely initiate circulatory support and then proceed with the secondary laboratory and hemodynamic assessment.

CI: cardiac index; CS: cardiogenic shock; LV: left ventricular; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; SAP: systemic arterial pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction

Study (year), [reference]	Definition of CS
SHOCK (1999), [53]	SAP<90 mmHg for >30 min or inotropes to maintain SAP>90 mmHg, end-organ hypoperfusion (urine output<30 mL/h or cold extremities), hemodynamic assessment: CI<2.2 L/min/m2 and PCWP>15 mmHg
IABP-SHOCK II (2012), [54]	SAP<90 mmHg for >30 min or catecholamines to maintain SAP>90 mmHg, clinical indications of pulmonary congestion, end-organ hypoperfusion (disorientation, livedo reticularis, urine output<30 mL/h, serum lactates>2 mmol/L, cold extremities)
ESC-HF Guidelines (2016), [56]	SAP<90 mmHg after adequate fluid administration, clinical (cold extremities, oliguria, disorientation, pulsus mollis) and laboratory (metabolic acidosis, high serum lactates, high serum creatinine) indications of end-organ damage
TRIUMPH (2007), [58]	Patency of infarct-related artery spontaneously or after PCI, refractory CS>1 h after PCI with SAP<100 mmHg despite vasopressors (dopamine≥7 μg/kg/min or epinephrine≥0.15 μg/kg/min), clinical or hemodynamic criteria for elevated LV filling pressure, end-organ hypoperfusion, LVEF<40%
CULPRIT-SHOCK (2017), [59]	Planned early revascularization by PCI, multivessel coronary artery disease defined as >70% stenosis in at least two major vessels (≥2 mm diameter) with identifiable culprit lesion, pulmonary congestion, SAP<90 mmHg for >30 min or inotropes to maintain SAP>90 mmHg, indications of end-organ damage (altered mental status, cold/clammy skin and extremities, urine output<30 mL/h, serum lactates>2 mmol/L)