Table 3. Unadjusted (Bivariate) and Adjusted (Multivariate) Multinomial Regression of Gender Diversity on Individual and School Characteristics.
| Variable | Cisgender, No. (%) (n = 6019)a | Gender-diverse (n = 209) | Prefer not to report (n = 109) | Missing (n = 51) | Overall P valueb | aOR (95% CI)a | Overall P valueb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | OR (95% CI) | No. (%) | OR (95% CI) | No. (%) | OR (95% CI) | Gender-diverse (n = 209) | Prefer not to report (n = 109) | Missing (n = 51) | ||||
| Age, median (IQR) [range], y | 13.9 (13.6-14.3) [10.7-17.5] | 13.8 (13.4-14.1) [11.5-16.3] | 0.61 (0.49-0.76) | 13.9 (13.6-14.2) [12.6-16.1] | 0.98 (0.70-1.37) | 13.8 (13.5-14.5) (12.5-16.5) | 1.19 (0.67-2.10) | <.001 | 0.59 (0.47-0.74) | 0.97 (0.69-1.34) | 1.17 (0.55-2.06) | <.001 |
| School type | ||||||||||||
| Government | 3030 (50.3) | 135 (64.6) | 1.80 (1.26-2.57) | 65 (55.6) | 1.30 (0.77-2.19) | 25 (49.0) | 0.95 (0.50-1.79) | .01 | 1.74 (1.20-2.54) | 1.47 (0.85-2.52) | 0.90 (0.45-1.78) | .03 |
| Nongovernment | 2989 (49.7) | 75 (35.4) | 1 [Reference] | 52 (44.4) | 1 [Reference] | 26 (51.0) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| School ICSEA | ||||||||||||
| 1000 or less | 1764 (29.3) | 81 (38.8) | 1.53 (1.07-2.19) | 31 (26.5) | 0.92 (0.52-1.61) | 12 (23.5) | 0.74 (0.37-1.48) | .09 | NAc | NAc | NAc | NAc |
| 1001 or greater | 4255 (70.7) | 128 (61.2) | 1 [Reference] | 86 (73.5) | 1 [Reference] | 39 (76.5) | 1 [Reference] | NAc | NAc | NAc | ||
| Location | ||||||||||||
| Major cities | 4573 (76.0) | 150 (71.8) | 0.80 (0.54-1.19) | 100 (85.5) | 1.84 (1.03-3.28) | 23 (23.5) | 1.03 (0.50-2.10) | .12 | 0.96 (0.66-1.40) | 2.08 (1.10-3.95) | 1.04 (0.48-2.24) | .15 |
| Regional | 1446 (24.0) | 59 (28.2) | 1 [Reference] | 17 (14.5) | 1 [Reference] | 39 (76.5) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Country of birth | ||||||||||||
| Australia | 5514 (91.6) | 190 (90.9) | 1 [Reference] | 100 (85.5) | 1 [Reference] | 44 (86.3) | 1 [Reference] | .15 | NAc | NAc | NAc | NAc |
| Other | 404 (8.4) | 19 (9.1) | 1.09 (0.70-1.71) | 17 (14.5) | 1.74 (0.95-3.19) | 7 (13.7) | 1.74 (0.73-4.14) | NAc | NAc | NAc | ||
| Language spoken at home | ||||||||||||
| English | 5645 (93.8) | 192 (91.9) | 1 [Reference] | 105 (89.7) | 1 [Reference] | 46 (90.2) | 1 [Reference] | .55 | NAc | NAc | NAc | NAc |
| Other | 373 (6.2) | 17 (8.1) | 1.34 (0.73-2.47) | 12 (10.3) | 1.53 (0.70-3.32) | 5 (9.8) | 1.65 (0.54-4.99) | NAc | NAc | NAc | ||
| Perceived SES | ||||||||||||
| Medium/high | 4693 (78.0) | 149 (71.3) | 1 [Reference] | 80 (68.4) | 1 [Reference] | 33 (64.7) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | .001 |
| Low | 491 (8.2) | 24 (11.5) | 1.54 (1.00-2.38) | 8 (6.8) | 0.90 (0.36-2.30) | 7 (13.7) | 2.03 (0.96-4.26) | 1.20 (0.77-1.87) | 0.82 (0.33-2.04) | 2.01 (0.91-4.43) | ||
| Prefer not to report | 835 (13.9) | 36 (17.2) | 1.36 (0.84-2.19) | 29 (24.8) | 2.13 (1.39-3.26) | 11 (21.6) | 1.87 (1.00-3.52) | 1.23 (0.76-2.00) | 2.04 (1.32-3.15) | 1.93 (1.03-3.61) | ||
| Family structure | ||||||||||||
| 2 Parents | 4756 (79.0) | 142 (67.9) | 1 [Reference] | 82 (70.1) | 1 [Reference] | 35 (68.6) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 | NAc | NAc | NAc | NAc |
| Blended/stepfamily | 593 (9.9) | 32 (15.3) | 1.81 (1.23-2.66) | 16 (13.7) | 1.58 (0.96-2.62) | 8 (15.7) | 1.83 (0.87-3.87) | NAc | NAc | NAc | ||
| Single parent | 616 (10.2) | 30 (14.4) | 1.63 (1.06-2.51) | 16 (13.7) | 1.52 (0.80-2.92) | 8 (15.7) | 1.76 (0.77-4.03) | NAc | NAc | NAc | ||
| Other, no family | 54 (0.9) | 5 (2.4) | 3.10 (1.17-8.24) | 3 (2.6) | 3.48 (1.10-11.0) | 0 | - | NAc | NAc | NAc | ||
| Mental health diagnosis | ||||||||||||
| None | 4996 (83.0) | 140 (67.0) | 1 [Reference] | 85 (72.6) | 1 [Reference] | 40 (78.4) | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Any | 1023 (17.0) | 69 (33.0) | 2.41 (1.79-3.24) | 32 (27.4) | 1.77 (1.23-2.54) | 11 (21.6) | 1.34 (0.75-2.40) | <.001 | 2.07 (1.50-2.84) | 1.69 (1.16-2.47) | 1.12 (0.60-2.12) | <.001 |
| Generalized anxiety disorderc | 450 (8.3) | 31 (18.1) | 2.45 (1.57-3.85) | 16 (16.7) | 2.22 (1.39-3.54) | 4 (9.1) | 1.11 (0.43-2.89) | <.001 | NAc | NAc | NAc | NAc |
| Social phobiac | 336 (6.3) | 30 (17.7) | 3.19 (2.15-4.73) | 14 (14.9) | 2.60 (1.46-4.64) | 3 (7.0) | 1.11 (0.34-3.63) | <.001 | NAc | NAc | NAc | NAc |
| ADHDc | 361 (6.7) | 21 (13.0) | 2.07 (1.32-3.26) | 6 (7.0) | 1.04 (0.48-2.23) | 7 (14.9) | 2.42 (1.13-5.19) | .001 | NAc | NAc | NAc | NAc |
| Disability diagnosis | ||||||||||||
| None | 5303 (88.1) | 158 (75.6) | 1 [Reference] | 94 (80.3) | 1 [Reference] | 40 (78.4) | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Any | 716 (11.9) | 51 (24.4) | 2.39 (1.68-3.40) | 23 (19.7) | 1.56 (0.99-2.47) | 11 (21.6) | 2.04 (0.93-4.44) | <.001 | 2.10 (1.45-3.03) | 1.43 (1.16-2.47) | 1.99 (0.87-4.56) | <.001 |
| Visual impairment | 340 (6.0) | 26 (14.1) | 2.57 (1.65-4.00) | 7 (7.2) | 1.21 (0.58-2.52) | 3 (7.0) | 1.17 (0.36-3.83) | <.001 | NAd | NAd | NAd | NAd |
| Autism | 144 (2.6) | 20 (11.2) | 4.66 (2.78-7.82) | 5 (5.3) | 2.05 (0.87-7.81) | 1 (2.4) | 0.92 (0.13-6.45) | .001 | NAd | NAd | NAd | NAd |
| Learning disability | 125 (2.3) | 5 (3.1) | 1.34 (0.53-3.37) | 3 (3.2) | 1.41 (0.45-4.43) | 3 (7.0) | 3.18 (0.97-10.4) | .20 | NAd | NAd | NAd | NAd |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; ICSEA, index of community socioeducational advantage; NA, not applicable; SES, socioeconomic status.
a
Cisgender respondents were the reference group for unadjusted and adjusted analyses.
b
Overall P values are from combined Wald test for all categories combined after estimation of multinomial logistic regression model.
c
These variables were not statistically significant at the overall or individual category levels in the multivariate model and are not included for reasons of parsimony.
d
These are the 3 most commonly reported diagnoses within the category. Percentages and comparisons vs no mental health diagnosis or no disability diagnosis and thus do not match prevalences reported in the text and eTable 1 in Supplement 1. These diagnoses were not considered for inclusion in the multivariate model because of small numbers and collinearity.