Table. Patient Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Patients, No. (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N=5 899 869) | Asian or Other Pacific Islander (n=177 864) | Black (n=664 648) | Hispanic (n=522 964) | White (n=4 534 393) | |
| Hospital weekly COVID-19 burden | |||||
| Before pandemic | 3 975 502 (67.4) | 118 780 (66.8) | 427 091 (64.3) | 334 557 (64) | 3 095 074 (68.3) |
| 0 | 280 748 (4.8) | 9162 (5.2) | 25 169 (3.8) | 25 268 (4.8) | 221 149 (4.9) |
| 0.1-2.0 | 243 693 (4.1) | 9013 (5.1) | 27 644 (4.2) | 21 258 (4.1) | 185 778 (4.1) |
| 2.1-10.0 | 802 722 (13.6) | 24 323 (13.7) | 103 271 (15.5) | 74 779 (14.3) | 600 349 (13.2) |
| 10.1-20.0 | 349 841 (5.9) | 8972 (5.0) | 47 514 (7.2) | 34 449 (6.6) | 258 906 (5.7) |
| 20.1-30.0 | 151 067 (2.6) | 3955 (2.2) | 20 410 (3.1) | 16 425 (3.1) | 110 277 (2.4) |
| 30.1-40.0 | 58 260 (1.0) | 1841 (1.0) | 7486 (1.1) | 7937 (1.5) | 40 996 (0.9) |
| >40.0 | 38 036 (0.6) | 1818 (1.0) | 6063 (0.9) | 8291 (1.6) | 21 864 (0.5) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 78.2 (8.8) | 79.5 (9.4) | 76.2 (8.9) | 77.4 (8.8) | 78.6 (8.7) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 2 861 257 (48.5) | 90 557 (50.9) | 310 383 (46.7) | 256 935 (49.1) | 2 203 382 (48.6) |
| Female | 3 038 612 (51.5) | 87 307 (49.1) | 354 265 (53.3) | 266 029 (50.9) | 2 331 011 (51.4) |
| Admission source | |||||
| Community | 5 183 059 (87.9) | 159 989 (90.0) | 580 155 (87.3) | 477 911 (91.4) | 3 965 004 (87.4) |
| Hospital | 287 088 (4.9) | 4266 (2.4) | 24 901 (3.8) | 17 197 (3.3) | 240 724 (5.3) |
| SNF/nursing home | 354 147 (6) | 11 961 (6.7) | 50 869 (7.7) | 22 079 (4.2) | 269 238 (5.9) |
| Other | 75 575 (1.3) | 1648 (0.9) | 8723 (1.3) | 5777 (1.1) | 59 427 (1.3) |
| Dual eligibility | 1 834 746 (31.1) | 101 768 (57.2) | 345 638 (52.0) | 297 928 (57.0) | 1 089 412 (24.0) |
| Medicare Advantage | 2 045 857 (34.7) | 69 477 (39.1) | 270 120 (40.6) | 256 000 (49.0) | 1 450 260 (32.0) |
| Functional status/frailty | |||||
| Malnutrition | 944 138 (16.0) | 36 090 (20.3) | 148 464 (22.3) | 82 525 (15.8) | 677 059 (14.9) |
| Senility | 28 096 (0.5) | 704 (0.4) | 3113 (0.5) | 2029 (0.4) | 22 250 (0.5) |
| Cognitive dysfunction | 130 036 (2.2) | 3366 (1.9) | 14 350 (2.2) | 9558 (1.8) | 102 762 (2.3) |
| Dependent on caregiver | 144 964 (2.5) | 6918 (3.9) | 33 769 (5.1) | 22 985 (4.4) | 81 292 (1.8) |
| COVID-19 | 273 273 (4.6) | 9716 (5.5) | 46 383 (7.0) | 42 270 (8.1) | 174 904 (3.9) |
| Shock | 1 232 188 (20.9) | 39 475 (22.2) | 153 772 (23.1) | 116 220 (22.2) | 922 721 (20.4) |
| Myocardial infarction | |||||
| No prior myocardial infarction | 5 479 460 (92.9) | 163 536 (91.9) | 618 184 (93.0) | 484 941 (92.7) | 4 212 799 (92.9) |
| Prior ST-segment elevation MI | 13 120 (0.2) | 513 (0.3) | 1484 (0.2) | 1288 (0.3) | 9835 (0.2) |
| Prior non–ST-segment elevation MI | 209 234 (3.6) | 7558 (4.3) | 21 858 (3.3) | 20 212 (3.9) | 159 606 (3.5) |
| Prior other MI | 198 055 (3.4) | 6257 (3.5) | 23 122 (3.5) | 16 523 (3.2) | 152 153 (3.4) |
| Congestive heart failure | |||||
| None | 4 110 066 (69.7) | 133 265 (74.9) | 454 590 (68.4) | 385 508 (73.7) | 3 136 703 (69.2) |
| Systolic | 428 430 (7.3) | 9903 (5.6) | 53 798 (8.1) | 34 241 (6.6) | 330 488 (7.3) |
| Diastolic | 791 187 (13.4) | 19 963 (11.2) | 85 261 (12.8) | 54 375 (10.4) | 631 588 (13.9) |
| Systolic and diastolic | 189 032 (3.2) | 4440 (2.5) | 23 688 (3.6) | 14 477 (2.8) | 146 427 (3.2) |
| Unspecified | 381 154 (6.5) | 10 293 (5.8) | 47 311 (7.1) | 34 363 (6.6) | 289 187 (6.4) |
| Pulmonary | |||||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 44 515 (0.8) | 1986 (1.1) | 6648 (1.0) | 7515 (1.4) | 28 366 (0.6) |
| Pulmonary edema | 62 221 (1.1) | 2425 (1.4) | 6590 (1.0) | 6936 (1.3) | 46 270 (1.0) |
| Pulmonary interstitial disease | 118 495 (2.0) | 4251 (2.4) | 8248 (1.2) | 12 862 (2.5) | 93 134 (2.1) |
| Acute respiratory failure | 1 381 349 (23.4) | 44 755 (25.2) | 152 553 (23.0) | 124 437 (23.8) | 1 059 604 (23.4) |
| Acute on chronic respiratory failure | 484 277 (8.2) | 8619 (4.9) | 42 278 (6.4) | 27 724 (5.3) | 405 656 (9.0) |
| Respiratory failure, unspecified | 64 675 (1.1) | 2620 (1.5) | 8577 (1.3) | 7219 (1.4) | 46 259 (1.0) |
| Elixhauser comorbidity index diagnoses | |||||
| Alcohol abuse | 145 111 (2.5) | 1555 (0.9) | 18 466 (2.8) | 11 557 (2.2) | 113 533 (2.5) |
| Lymphoma | 120 281 (2.0) | 3461 (2.0) | 14 095 (2.1) | 10 118 (1.9) | 92 607 (2.0) |
| Leukemia | 92 015 (1.6) | 2037 (1.2) | 7774 (1.2) | 5174 (1.0) | 77 030 (1.7) |
| Metastatic cancer | 296 354 (5.0) | 10 442 (5.9) | 39 549 (6.0) | 23 476 (4.5) | 222 887 (4.9) |
| Solid tumor | 341 964 (5.8) | 10 903 (6.1) | 37 776 (5.7) | 26 345 (5.0) | 266 940 (5.9) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 422 959 (7.2) | 17 692 (10.0) | 84 374 (12.7) | 40 442 (7.7) | 280 451 (6.2) |
| Heart failure | 1 919 735 (32.5) | 48 193 (27.1) | 224 650 (33.8) | 146 879 (28.1) | 1 500 013 (33.1) |
| Coagulopathy | 812 529 (13.8) | 30 344 (17.1) | 95 402 (14.4) | 79 356 (15.2) | 607 427 (13.4) |
| Dementia | 1 300 335 (22) | 45 813 (25.8) | 185 219 (27.9) | 125 723 (24.0) | 943 580 (20.8) |
| Liver disease, mild | 265 424 (4.5) | 10 859 (6.1) | 35 311 (5.3) | 31 768 (6.1) | 187 486 (4.1) |
| Liver disease and failure, moderate to severe | 102 944 (1.7) | 3280 (1.8) | 9068 (1.4) | 16 085 (3.1) | 74 511 (1.6) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1 897 934 (32.2) | 42 262 (23.8) | 178 770 (26.9) | 123 238 (23.6) | 1 553 664 (34.3) |
| Neurologic disorder, other | 1 373 620 (23.3) | 40 215 (22.6) | 190 080 (28.6) | 108 550 (20.8) | 1 034 775 (22.8) |
| Seizures and epilepsy | 271 123 (4.6) | 6491 (3.7) | 54 911 (8.3) | 24 174 (4.6) | 185 547 (4.1) |
| Paralysis | 387 087 (6.6) | 17 323 (9.7) | 86 828 (13.1) | 41 615 (8.0) | 241 321 (5.3) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 599 667 (10.2) | 19 586 (11.0) | 66 394 (10.0) | 52 474 (10.0) | 461 213 (10.2) |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 372 146 (6.3) | 9775 (5.5) | 45 303 (6.8) | 24 150 (4.6) | 292 918 (6.5) |
| Kidney failure, moderate | 1 321 214 (22.4) | 38 228 (21.5) | 158 965 (23.9) | 101 289 (19.4) | 1 022 732 (22.6) |
| Kidney failure, severe | 539 984 (9.2) | 22 260 (12.5) | 112 782 (17.0) | 68 432 (13.1) | 336 510 (7.4) |
| Peptic ulcer disease with bleeding | 91 058 (1.5) | 4001 (2.3) | 10 221 (1.5) | 8432 (1.6) | 68 404 (1.5) |
| Valvular disease | 605 352 (10.3) | 15 495 (8.7) | 47 175 (7.1) | 40 098 (7.7) | 502 584 (11.1) |
| Weight loss | 997 029 (16.9) | 39 044 (22) | 157 533 (23.7) | 87 801 (16.8) | 712 651 (15.7) |
| Dialysis | 173 643 (2.9) | 8905 (5.0) | 47 774 (7.2) | 28 926 (5.5) | 88 038 (1.9) |
| Prior procedures | |||||
| PCI | 367 598 (6.2) | 8759 (4.9) | 26 387 (4.0) | 24 444 (4.7) | 308 008 (6.8) |
| CABG | 366 499 (6.2) | 9254 (5.2) | 21 332 (3.2) | 27 705 (5.3) | 308 208 (6.8) |
| Heart valve surgery | 125 271 (2.1) | 2085 (1.2) | 5775 (0.9) | 7166 (1.4) | 110 245 (2.4) |
| Left ventricular assist device | 1426 (0.02) | 24 (0.01) | 212 (0.03) | 107 (0.02) | 1083 (0.02) |
| Kidney transplant | 26 223 (0.4) | 1526 (0.9) | 4799 (0.7) | 4253 (0.8) | 15 645 (0.4) |
| Heart transplant | 3867 (0.1) | 99 (0.1) | 509 (0.1) | 291 (0.1) | 2968 (0.1) |
| Liver transplant | 9083 (0.2) | 356 (0.2) | 613 (0.1) | 1317 (0.3) | 6797 (0.2) |
| ECMO availability | 1 370 261 (23.2) | 42 007 (23.6) | 197 944 (29.8) | 112 179 (21.5) | 1 018 131 (22.5) |
| No. of beds | |||||
| ≤50 | 131 209 (2.2) | 1164 (0.7) | 7104 (1.1) | 6534 (1.3) | 116 407 (2.6) |
| 51-149 | 1 110 048 (18.8) | 24 488 (13.8) | 78 524 (11.8) | 69 550 (13.3) | 937 486 (20.7) |
| 150-249 | 1 356 757 (23.0) | 45 421 (25.5) | 136 030 (20.5) | 120 532 (23.1) | 1 054 774 (23.3) |
| 250-499 | 2 129 976 (36.1) | 70 613 (39.7) | 253 271 (38.1) | 207 299 (39.6) | 1 598 793 (35.3) |
| ≥500 | 1 171 879 (19.9) | 36 178 (20.3) | 189 719 (28.5) | 119 049 (22.8) | 826 933 (18.2) |
| Average daily census | |||||
| ≤20 | 177 280 (3.0) | 1240 (0.7) | 9589 (1.44) | 8133 (1.56) | 158 318 (3.49) |
| 21-50 | 527 211 (8.9) | 9222 (5.2) | 35 594 (5.4) | 31 189 (6.0) | 451 206 (10.0) |
| 51-150 | 1 932 163 (32.8) | 62 182 (35.0) | 181 421 (27.3) | 164 536 (31.5) | 1 524 024 (33.6) |
| 151-300 | 1 863 500 (31.6) | 60 071 (33.8) | 216 143 (32.5) | 179 563 (34.3) | 1 407 723 (31.1) |
| ≥301 | 1 399 715 (23.7) | 45 149 (25.4) | 221 901 (33.4) | 139 543 (26.7) | 993 122 (21.9) |
| Resident-to-bed ratio | |||||
| 0 | 2 636 251 (44.7) | 70 307 (39.5) | 232 585 (35) | 221 928 (42.4) | 2 111 431 (46.6) |
| >0-0.10 | 1 540 916 (26.1) | 45 867 (25.8) | 151 979 (22.9) | 150 067 (28.7) | 1 193 003 (26.3) |
| 0.11-0.20 | 593 140 (10.1) | 18 437 (10.4) | 73 054 (11.0) | 42 836 (8.2) | 458 813 (10.1) |
| 0.21-0.40 | 619 211 (10.5) | 19 604 (11.0) | 95 280 (14.3) | 48 405 (9.3) | 455 922 (10.1) |
| >0.40 | 510 351 (8.7) | 23 649 (13.3) | 111 750 (16.8) | 59 728 (11.4) | 315 224 (7.0) |
| DSH percentage | |||||
| 0-9.9% | 275 125 (4.7) | 9602 (5.4) | 13 709 (2.1) | 19 106 (3.7) | 232 708 (5.1) |
| 10.0%-24.9% | 2 001 173 (33.9) | 44 696 (25.1) | 156 168 (23.5) | 98 699 (18.9) | 1 701 610 (37.5) |
| 25.0%-49.9% | 3 075 722 (52.1) | 80 059 (45.0) | 388 989 (58.5) | 239 597 (45.8) | 2 367 077 (52.2) |
| ≥50.0% | 547 849 (9.3) | 43 507 (24.5) | 105 782 (15.9) | 165 562 (31.7) | 232 998 (5.1) |
| Region | |||||
| New England | 272 434 (4.6) | 4083 (2.3) | 11 852 (1.8) | 12 127 (2.3) | 244 372 (5.4) |
| Middle Atlantic | 809 429 (13.7) | 25 237 (14.2) | 96 048 (14.5) | 63 268 (12.1) | 624 876 (13.8) |
| South Atlantic | 1 132 678 (19.2) | 14 038 (7.9) | 192 585 (29.0) | 64 428 (12.3) | 861 627 (19.0) |
| East North Central | 782 960 (13.3) | 8632 (4.9) | 85 529 (12.9) | 21 038 (4.0) | 667 761 (14.7) |
| East South Central | 545 187 (9.2) | 4212 (2.4) | 91 267 (13.7) | 15 983 (3.1) | 433 725 (9.6) |
| West North Central | 380 442 (6.5) | 3552 (2.0) | 28 295 (4.3) | 5335 (1.0) | 343 260 (7.6) |
| West South Central | 681 472 (11.6) | 11 262 (6.3) | 89 660 (13.5) | 117 241 (22.4) | 463 309 (10.2) |
| Mountain | 363 635 (6.2) | 6874 (3.9) | 11 994 (1.8) | 45 999 (8.8) | 298 768 (6.6) |
| Pacific | 913 443 (15.5) | 99 972 (56.2) | 57 409 (8.6) | 159 452 (30.5) | 596 610 (13.2) |
| Puerto Rico | 18 189 (0.3) | 2 (<0.1) | 9 (<0.1) | 18 093 (3.46) | 85 (<0.1) |
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; DSH, disproportionate share hospital; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SNF, skilled nursing facility.