Table 1. Participant Characteristics by In Utero COVID-19 Exposure.
| Characteristic | Participant groupa | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall cohort (N = 2003) | Without prenatal infection (n = 1786) | With prenatal infection (n = 217) | |
| Maternal age, mean (SD), yb | 33.3 (4.2) | 33.5 (4.2) | 32.5 (4.2) |
| Racec | |||
| Asian | 91 (4.5) | 83 (4.6) | 8 (3.7) |
| Black | 39 (1.9) | 34 (1.9) | 5 (2.3) |
| White | 1759 (87.8) | 1568 (87.8) | 191 (88.0) |
| Multiracial or otherd | 75 (3.7) | 73 (4.1) | 2 (0.9) |
| Hispanic ethnicitye | |||
| No | 1789 (89.3) | 1603 (89.8) | 186 (85.7) |
| Yes | 169 (8.4) | 143 (8.0) | 26 (12.0) |
| Educational levelf | |||
| <Bachelor’s degree | 245 (12.2) | 213 (11.9) | 32 (14.7) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 669 (33.4) | 588 (32.9) | 81 (37.3) |
| Graduate degree | 1081 (54) | 978 (54.8) | 103 (47.5) |
| Yearly household income, $g | |||
| <50 000 | 145 (7.2) | 123 (6.9) | 22 (10.1) |
| 50 000-99 999 | 508 (25.4) | 433 (24.2) | 75 (34.6) |
| 100 000-250 000 | 1047 (52.3) | 950 (53.2) | 97 (44.7) |
| >250 000 | 295 (14.7) | 273 (15.3) | 22 (10.1) |
| GAD-7 scoreh | |||
| None to minimal | 1287 (64.3) | 1149 (64.3) | 138 (63.6) |
| Mild to severe | 682 (34.0) | 608 (34) | 74 (34.1) |
| PHQ-9 scorei | |||
| None to minimal | 1055 (52.7) | 944 (52.9) | 111 (51.2) |
| Mild to severe | 901 (45.0) | 805 (45.1) | 96 (44.2) |
| Time from enrollment to vaccine availability, mean (SD), wkj | 17.9 (13.0) | 18.4 (13.1) | 14.5 (11.7) |
| Preterm birth (<37 wk’ gestation)k | |||
| No | 1848 (92.3) | 1649 (92.3) | 199 (91.7) |
| Yes | 81 (4.0) | 69 (3.9) | 12 (5.5) |
| Infant sexl | |||
| Female | 854 (42.6) | 766 (42.9) | 88 (40.6) |
| Male | 875 (43.7) | 774 (43.3) | 101 (46.5) |
| Female and male | 14 (0.7) | 10 (0.6) | 4 (1.8) |
| Trimester of first SARS-CoV-2 infectionm | |||
| First | NA | NA | 122 (56.2) |
| Second | NA | NA | 42 (19.4) |
| Third | NA | NA | 53 (24.4) |
| Breakthrough infectionn | |||
| No | NA | NA | 189 (87.1) |
| Yes | NA | NA | 28 (12.9) |
| COVID-19–related fever (>38 °C) | |||
| No | NA | NA | 177 (81.6) |
| Yes | NA | NA | 40 (18.4) |
Abbreviations: GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 733 (scores range from 0 to 21 points, with higher scores indicating a severe level of anxiety); NA, not applicable; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire score34 (scores range from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating the presence of severe depressive symptoms).
Data are presented as No. (%) of participants unless indicated otherwise.
Data were missing for 238 participants.
Data were missing for 39 participants.
Multiracial includes participants who identified as any combination of Asian, Black, Native American, Pacific Islander, or White; other includes those who identified with groups not explicitly listed.
Data were missing for 45 participants.
Data were missing for 8 participants.
Data were missing for 8 participants.
Data were missing for 34 participants.
Data were missing for 47 participants.
COVID-19 vaccine availability began on April 19, 2021, for all adults in the US, including Puerto Rico and other territories.
Data were missing for 74 participants.
Data were missing for 260 participants.
The first infection is noted because 33 individuals experienced more than 1 SARS-CoV-2 infection within a pregnancy.
Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection following COVID-19 vaccination.