Table 3.
Odds ratios for receiving treatment within 12 months after surgery.
| Treatment | Upper-limb surgery | Lower-limb surgery | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N CRPS | N noCRPS | OR [95% CI] | N CRPS | N noCRPS | OR [95% CI] | |
| Exercise therapy | ||||||
| Physiotherapy | 125 (90.6%) | 17,324 (76.3%) | 2.98 [1.75, 5.55] | 92 (81.4%) | 41,541 (72.1%) | 1.70 [1.08, 2.80] |
| Occupational therapy | 33 (23.9%) | 2,875 (12.7%) | 2.17 [1.44, 3.17] | 15 (13.3%) | 7,972 (13.8%) | 0.95 [0.53, 1.59] |
| Pain therapy | ||||||
| Interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy | 19 (13.8%) | 740 (3.3%) | 4.74 [2.82, 7.54] | 15 (13.3%) | 2,154 (3.7%) | 3.94 [2.20, 6.59] |
| Outpatient pain therapy | 39 (28.3%) | 1,270 (5.6%) | 6.65 [4.52, 9.58] | 32 (28.3%) | 3,318 (5.8%) | 6.47 [4.23, 9.65] |
| Psychotherapy | ||||||
| Outpatient psychotherapy | 14 (10.1%) | 1,025 (4.5%) | 2.39 [1.31, 4.02] | 12 (10.6%) | 1876 (3.3%) | 3.53 [1.84, 6.17] |
| Medication | ||||||
| Nonopioids | 115 (83.3%) | 16,245 (71.6%) | 1.99 [1.29, 3.19] | 98 (86.7%) | 42,923 (74.5%) | 2.24 [1.34, 4.02] |
| Opioids | 59 (42.8%) | 5,026 (22.2%) | 2.63 [1.86, 3.68] | 57 (50.4%) | 14,565 (25.3%) | 3.01 [2.08, 4.36] |
| Antineuropathic drugs | 56 (40.6%) | 3,101 (13.4%) | 4.32 [3.05, 6.06] | 49 (43.4%) | 8,006 (13.9%) | 4.75 [3.26, 6.88] |
| Cortisone | 31 (22.5%) | 2,275 (10.0%) | 2.60 [1.71, 3.84] | 19 (16.8%) | 4,942 (8.6%) | 2.16 [1.28, 3.45] |
| Bisphosphonates | 17 (12.3%) | 853 (3.8%) | 3.60 [2.08, 5.83] | 8 (7.1%) | 1,575 (2.3%) | 2.71 [1.21, 5.23] |
CRPS, complex regional pain syndrome; OR, odds ratios.