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. 2024 Nov 8;12:1420330. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1420330

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Copyright © 2024 Snider, Vega, Nessen, Hernandez Torres, Salazar, Berard and Salinas.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Characterization of the AutoBleed hypovolemic hold. (A) Median performance error (MDPE, %), median absolute performance error (MDAPE, %), and mean infusion rate (mL/min) for the first and second hemorrhage events (n = 12). (B) The rate of blood lactate increase (mmol/L/hr) during the first hypovolemic hold for all subjects (n = 11); data are shown for ketamine (n = 5) or isoflurane (n = 6) anesthetic. (C) Average blood lactate levels (mmol/L) vs. time (min) across the first hypovolemic hold for ketamine and isoflurane anesthetic. Data on the subject using propofol were excluded for (B) and (C). Error bars denote standard deviation.