TABLE 1.
The role of exosomes in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis.
| Exosome origin | Exosomal contents | Functions | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Epithelial-mesenchymal transition | |||
| Cancer stem-like cells | CDKN2B-AS1 | Regulate EMT and TGFβ/Smad signaling | Wu et al. (2022) |
| PTC patient serum and PTC cell culture medium | circ007293 | Induce EMT and augment the invasive and migratory abilities of PTC cells | Lin et al. (2021) |
| Thyroid cancer cell line (SW579) | annexin A1 | Promote EMT, proliferation and invasion of the thyroid follicular epithelial cell line | Li Q. et al. (2021) |
| Serum from PTC patients with LNM | SRC, TLN1, ITGB2 and CAPNS1 | Associated with EMT in TC patients with lymph node metastasis | Luo et al. (2018) |
| Cancer stem-like cells | LncRNA, MALAT1, SLUG, SOX2 and linc-ROR | Induce EMT and inculcate local tumor microenvironment and distant metastasis | Hardin et al. (2018) |
| Angiogenesis | |||
| Thyroid cancer cells | FGD5-AS1 | Promote angiogenesis, vascular permeability | Liu et al. (2022) |
| Hypoxic human PTC cell lines BCPAP | miR-181a | Induced angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo | Wang et al. (2021) |
| Hypoxic PTC cells | miR-21-5p | Increase endothelial tube formation | Wu et al. (2019) |
| Invasiveness | |||
| ATC cell line (8305C) | ANXA1 | FC = 3.4 (vs. FTC) and FC = 3.5 (vs. Nthy-ori 3–1 cells) | Surman et al. (2024) |
| PTC patients | EGFR | High EGFR protein in PTC is disseminated through exosomes to the extracellular milieu | Al-Abdallah et al. (2023) |
| TC-CSCs | CDKN2B-AS1 | Promote the malignant progression | Wu et al. (2023) |
| PTC patient serum and PTC cell culture medium | miR-655-3p | Inhibit PTC growth, and invasion | Qiao et al. (2022) |
| PTC cell lines (KTC-1, TPC-1) | DIO3OS | DIO3OS hindered the proliferation, invasion, and migration of PTC cells | Wang Y. et al. (2022) |
| Thyroid cancer cell line (SW579) | ANXA1 | Promote the proliferation and invasion of the thyroid follicular epithelial cells | Li Q. et al. (2021) |
| PTC cell culture medium | circ007293 | Augment the invasive and migratory abilities of PTC cells | Lin et al. (2021) |
| PTC-CSCs | lncRNA DOCK9-AS2 | Aggravate the migration and invasion ability of PTC cells | Dai W. et al. (2020) |
| PTC cell lines | miR-146b-5p, miR-222-3p | Enhance migration and invasion ability of PTC cells in vitro | Jiang K. et al. (2020) |
| PTC cell lines | miRNA423-5p | Increase PTC cell migration and invasion | Ye et al. (2019) |
| Lymph node metastasis | |||
| Serum from PTC patients | circTACC2, circBIRC6 | Correlated with tumor LNM in PTC | Peng et al. (2024) |
| Plasma from PTC patients | miR-146b-5p, 222-3p | Correlated with tumor LNM | Jiang K. et al. (2020) |
| Serum from PTC patients | miR-485-3p | Correlated with tumor LNM in PTC | Dai D. et al. (2020) |
| Distant metastasis | |||
| Patient plasma and cell lines | miR-519e-5p | Transferred to recipient CD8+ T cells and aid in tumor immune escape | Li G. et al. (2023) |
| CSC-like cells | CDKN2B-AS1 | Drive TC distant metastasis | Wu et al. (2022) |
| TC cell lines | FGD5-AS1 | Induce distant metastasis niche | Liu et al. (2022) |
| Recurrence and RAIR | |||
| Serum from PTC patients | miR-29a | Patients with lower serum exosomal miR-29a may have a higher risk of recurrence | Wen et al. (2021) |
| PTC cell lines | miR-146b and miR-222 | Potential biomarkers of PTC recurrence | Lee et al. (2015) |
| RAIR cell lines and plasma | miR-1296-5p | Involved in the pathogenesis of RAIR PTC by directly targeting Na+/I-symporter | Li et al. (2022) |
| Immune regulation | |||
| PTC cell lines | ANXA1 | Induce macrophage M2 polarization | Liu (2024) |
| PTC cell lines | miR-655-3p | Inhibit macrophage M2 polarization | Qiao et al. (2022) |
ATC, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma; PTC, papillary thyroid cancer; FTC, follicular thyroid cancer; FC, fold change.