Fig. 3.
“Lung-protective sedation” model. Preliminary assessment: search for signs and symptoms of discomfort and implement non-pharmacological strategies to reduce them. By integrating the preliminary assessment and measuring respiratory drive, it is possible to decide whether sedation is needed or not. If sedation is initiated, it is necessary to achieve the correct level of sedation and control of the respiratory drive through close monitoring. P0.1 Airway occlusion pressure, ΔPes Esophageal pressure swings, ΔPnose Nasal pressure swings, EAdi Diaphragm electrical activity, BPS-NI Behavioral pain scale non-intubated patients, US ultrasound, RSS Ramsay sedation scale, OAA/S observer’s assessment of alertness/sedation, RASS Richmond assessment sedation scale, BIS bispectral index