Table 3.

Prognostic factors evidence table

Prognostic factor	Evidence	Level of evidence
Clinical prognostic factors
Sex	4H 2L	Positive—high
Age	4H 2L	Positive—high
Comorbidity	4H	Negative—high
Diagnosis	1H	Negative—moderate
Pain intensity	7H	Negative—high
Functional status	5H 1L	Positive—high
Intervention	5H 1L	Negative—high
Health	1H	Positive—moderate
Lifestyle	1H	Positive—moderate
Smoker	4H	Negative—high
Alcohol	2H	Negative—high
Psychosocial prognostic factor
Expectation	3H	Positive—high
Fear avoidance	5H	Positive—high
Kinesiophobia	3H	Positive—high
Pain catastrophizing	6H	Positive—high
Cognitive appraisal	1H	Positive—moderate
Coping	1H 1L	Positive—high
Distress	4H	Negative—high
Depression	3H	Negative—high
Mental health	6H	Positive—high
Disability	2H 1L	Negative—high
Education	3H	Positive—high
Social workplace prognostic factor
Socio-economic status	2H	Positive—high
Physical demands	6H 1L	Positive—high
Work-related benefits	2H 1L	Positive—high
Modify duties	2H	Positive—high
Co-worker support	2H	Positive—high
Social support	2H	Positive—high
Job satisfaction	2H	Positive—high
Attorney involvement	3H	Positive—high
Workers compensation	1H	Positive—moderate