Table 1.
Characteristics of the Included Studies
| First Author (Year), Country | Study Design | Comparison | Daily Drug Doses (IC Group)/(Comparator Group) | Study Population | Total No. of Participants (IC Group/Comparator Group) | Sex M:F, (IC Group)/(Comparator Group) | Age, IC Group/Comparator Group, Mean (SD), y | Follow-up Duration, d | Outcomes Reported |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trials | |||||||||
| Carmellini et al23 (1997), Italy | RCT | IC vs ceftazidime | (500 mg/500 mg every 8 h)/(1 g every 12 h) before surgery, for 2 d | Kidney transplant recipients receiving cyclosporin | 69 (33/36) | (15:18)/(15:11) | 44.2 (9.7)/43.1 (9.8) | 30 | Scra and mortality |
| Carmellini et al24 (1998), Italy | RCT | IC vs ceftazidime | (500 mg/500 mg every 8 h)/(2 g/d) following 2 postoperative days | Kidney transplant recipients receiving cyclosporin | 16 (8/8) | Not specified | 45 (5)/42 (4) | 14 | AKIb |
| Markewitz et al45 (1994), Germany | RCT | IC vs placebo control | (500 mg/500 mg every 12 h) preoperatively followed by 7 d postoperatively | Heart transplant patients receiving cyclosporin | 20 (10/10) | Not specified | 51 (9.3)/5 (9.3) | 10 | Scrc and AKId |
| Schmitt et al27 (2006), Multicountry | RCT | IC vs piperacillin/tazobactam | (1 g/1 g)/(4 g/500 mg) every 8 h for 5-21 d | Hospitalized patients with nosocomial infection | 217 (110/107) | (64:47)/(77:33) | 65.7 (13.8)/68.4 (13.7) | 21 | Mortality |
| Zanetti et al28 (2003), Multicountry | RCT | IC vs cefepime | (2 g/2 g every 8 h)/(500 mg every 6 h) | Hospitalized patients with nosocomial pneumonia | 209 (101/108) | (67:34)/(72:36) | 53 (18)/55 (18) | 14 | AKIe, mortality |
| Observational studies | |||||||||
| Baghai et al22 (1995), United States | Observational | IC vs control | (500 mg/500 mg every 6 h) for 5 d | Heart and lung transplant recipients receiving cyclosporin | 20 (10/10) | Not specified | Not specified | 14 | Scrf |
| Gruss et al25 (1996), Spain | Observational | IC vs control | Dose not reported | Bone marrow transplant recipients receiving cyclosporin | 104 (64/40) | Not specified | Not specified | 30 | Scrg and AKIh |
| Hakeam et al46 (2019), Saudi Arabia | Observational | IC vs meropenem | 0.5 g every 6 h in 109 patients and 1 g every 8 h in 12 patients/1 g every 8 h in 98 patients and 0.5 every 8 h in 8 patients | Hospitalized patients being treated for various infections with vancomycin | 227 (106/121) | (62:59)/(63:43) | 50.7 (17.4)/50.7 (17.4) | 7 | Scri, AKIj, and mortality |
| Hornik et al29 (2014), United States | Observational | IC vs meropenem | Dose not specified | Hospitalized infants treated with carbapenem antibiotics | 5566 (2087 /3256)k | Not specified | First 120 d of life | 120 | AKIl and mortality |
| Zaballos et al26 (2021), Spain | Observational | IC vs control | (500 mg/500 mg every 8 h) | Patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis receiving surgery and intraperitoneal cisplatin; 9.4% in the IC group versus 53.5% in the control group received cotreatment with doxorubicin | 181 (83/98) | (5:80)/(7:91) | 56.79 (11.42)/53.22 (10.94) | 7 | Scrm, AKIn, and mortality |
Notes: All studies included imipenem/cilastatin (IC) in the intervention group.
Abbreviations: IC, imipenem/cilastatin; M:F, male:female; RCT, randomized clinical trial; RIFLE, Risk, Injury, Failure Loss, End-stage renal disease; Scr, serum creatinine; SD, standard deviation.
oDefined by Scr measurement >1.7 mg/dL.
Measured on postoperative day 30.
Defined by Scr and urinary output changes over 14 d of follow-up.
Measured on postoperative days 1-10 consecutively.
Defined by receipt of kidney replacement therapy in the postoperative period.
Defined as Scr >200 μmol/L, with measurements taken at baseline, then twice weekly, and within 48 h after the completion of drug therapy and/or patient identified as a possible case of interstitial nephritis.
Measured on postoperative days 1-5 consecutively.
Measured posttransplant, days not specified.
Definition not specified.
Measured day 1 and day 4 following initiation of antibiotics.
Defined according to the RIFLE criteria based on changes in Scr and urinary output.
223 infants received both carbapenems at different times in the study.
Defined according to the RIFLE criteria criteria based on changes in Scr and urinary output.
Measured at baseline and post-intervention day 1 to day 7 consecutively.
Defined according to the RIFLE criteria.