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. 2024 Nov 13;31(1):29. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13393

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Copyright: © 2024 He et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Figure 3. — DPSC-EVs promoted the osteogenic differentiation of HERS cells and activated TGF-β1/ERK signaling. (A) ALP staining and (B) Alizarin red staining of HERS cells were conducted to detect their osteogenic capacity. (C) The expression of osteogenesis-related proteins (BSP, ALP and RUNX2) in HERS cells was detected by Western blotting to evaluate their osteogenic capacity. (D) RUNX2 expression in HERS cells was detected via RUNX2 immunofluorescence staining. (E) The expression of TGF-β1 and TGFR1 in HERS cells was detected via Western blotting. (F) ERK/MAPK/Smad signaling activity in HERS cells was evaluated via Western blotting. (G) Relative protein levels of P-ERK/ERK, p-MAPK/MAPK and p-Smad3/Smad3 were analyzed. The data from three independent experiments are presented as the mean ± SD. **P<0.01. DPSC, dental pulp stem cell; EV, extracellular vesicle; HERS, Hertwig's epithelial root sheath; p, phosphorylated; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BSP, bone sialoprotein.