Fig. 2. Analysis of HITS-Bio performance.
Measurement of (A) end-to-end nozzle array width (n = 12 independently prepared DCNA), (B) inter-nozzle distance (n = 36, each data point represents three inter-nozzle distances of 12 independently prepared DCNA), and (C) positional error in the Z-axis (n = 11 independently prepared DCNA). D Maximum liquid elevation in DCNA (n = 12, unpaired two-sided Student’s t-test, p = 1.43 × 10−17, 1.76 × 10−17, 1.83 × 10−20, 1.17 × 10−24, 6.01 × 10−22, 4.96 × 10−16, 3.28 × 10−19 from left to right). E The impact of interstitial distances of the silicon-coated DCNA on the success rate of spheroid lifting (n = 5 independent experiments, one-way ANOVA). F A comparison of elapsed bioprinting time between conventional single-nozzle aspiration-assisted bioprinting (AAB) and HITS-Bio (n = 3 independent experiments, unpaired two-sided Student’s t-test, p = 5.03 × 10−7, 0.00016, 9.30 × 10−7 from left to right). G Lifted spheroids from a spheroid chamber and placed on a GM10 substrate in an iterative manner to bioprint 64 spheroids to generate a rhombus pattern. Scale bar: 300 μm. H Fluorescence images and the corresponding intensity map of three different sizes and colors (stained with DAPI (blue), F-Actin (red), F-Actin (green)) of spheroids (16 spheroids per color) using manually mixed (control) and HITS-Bio. Scale bar: 500 μm. I Selectively patterned spheroids stained with DAPI (blue), F-Actin (red), and F-Actin (green) using the DCNA platform with various configurations. Scale bar: 500 μm. Representative images were obtained from at least five independent repetitions. J Fluorescent staining of iPSC-derived vascular organoids at 72 h after bioprinting into collagen type I-Matrigel mixture for CD31 (red) and DAPI (blue) (scale bar: 200 μm). Representative images were obtained from three independent repetitions. Data are presented as mean ± SD where *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.