Table 4.

Group differences in obesity-related outcomes among early circadian timing vs late circadian timing

	Early DLMO (N = 32)		Late DLMO (N = 15)
	M	SD	M	SD	df	t	P	Cohen’s d
Total energy (kcal/day)	2176.19	652.47	2163.79	676.47	44	0.06	.953	0.02 (−0.61, 0.65)
% Protein (g/kcal per day)	3.42	0.89	3.96	1.24	44	-1.69	.098	−0.54 (−1.18, 0.10)
% Fat (g/kcal per day)	4.10	0.58	3.63	0.85	44	2.92	.034	0.70 (0.05, 1.34)
% Carbohydrates (g/kcal per day)	12.68	1.59	13.22	2.12	44	−0.97	.338	−0.31 (−0.94, 0.32)
% Sugar (g/kcal per day)	5.22	1.23	6.01	2.05	44	−1.62	.113	−0.52 (−1.15, 0.12)
% Added sugar (g/kcal per day)	0.75	0.29	0.80	0.36	44	−0.54	.589	−0.17 (−0.79, 0.45)
Fruit (serving/day)	0.96	0.87	1.62	3.09	44	−1.13	.264	−0.36 (−0.99, 0.27)
Vegetables (serving/day)	1.07	0.72	1.17	0.72	44	−0.42	.678	−0.13 (−0.76, 0.50)
Sedentary (minutes/day)	541.78	64.67	560.36	16.87	39	−1.05	.300	−0.35 (−0.99, 0.31)
Light (minutes/day)	36.96	12.04	33.46	8.174	39	0.97	.336	0.32 (−0.33, 0.97)
MVPA (minutes/day)	55.53	19.46	59.70	15.65	39	−0.69	.492	−0.23 (−0.88, 0.42)
BMI z-score	0.20	1.01	0.83	0.58	44	−2.18	.034	−0.70 (−1.34, −0.51)
Number of meals (per day)	4.67	1.26	4.90	3.35	44	−0.35	.732	−0.11 (−0.74, 0.52)
Final mealtime (per day)	19:57	1:30	20:15	1:38	44	−0.59	.559	−0.19 (−0.80, 0.43)

*Significant (p ≤ .05). P-values were determined by a series of independent samples t-tests to examine whether variables differed for early sleep timing vs late sleep timing.