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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Nov 22.
Published in final edited form as: J Pediatr. 2021 Jan 29;232:118–126.e23. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.01.053

Table III.

Listing of all articles described and cited in the main text

References Year Study cohort Sample size Exposure(s) measured in childhood Type of exposure measurement (objective vs self-reported) Outcome(s) measured in adulthood Type of outcome measurement (objective vs self-reported) Type of outcome analysis Main finding(s) Population subgroup analyses
Age group Sex Race/ ethnicity
Ceponiene et al7 2015 Kaunas Cardiovascular Risk Cohort study 380 BP, adiposity Objective cIMT arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Higher BP and BMI associated with thicker cIMT in women only higher BP and BMI null association with PWV, both sexes X
Yan et al8 2017 Beijing Blood Pressure Cohort 1252 BP adiposity Objective cIMT arterial stiffness Objective Categorical outcome Higher SBP and BMI associated with thicker cIMT, both sexes higher SBP associated with greater PWV, both sexes BMI null association with PWV, both sexes X
Ferreiraet al9 2004 Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study 159 Adiposity Objective cIMT arterial stiffness Objective Categorical outcome Higher BMI associated with thicker cIMT
BMI null association with PWV no differences by sex		 X
Huynh et al10 2013 Childhood Determinants of Adult Health (CDAH) 2328 Adiposity Objective cIMT arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Higher BMI associated with thicker cIMT
BMI null association with PWV no differences by sex		 X
Ferreira et al11 2012 Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study 373 BP adiposity Objective Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Highest tertile arterial stiffness had greater mean SBP, and greater mean BMI
Juonala et al12 2005 The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 2255 BP adiposity multiple risk factors Objective Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Higher SBP and skinfold thickness associated with reduced arterial compliance greater number of risk factors associated with reduced arterial compliance
Vianna et al13 2014 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study 3701 Breastfeeding, birthweight, adiposity Self-reported Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Null association between breastfeeding or birthweight and PWV higher relative weight gain associated with greater arterial stiffness
Su et al14 2014 YOung TAiwanese Cohort (YOTA) Study 789 Adiposity Objective cIMT Objective Categorical outcome Childhood overweight and obesity associated with high cIMT
Hao et al15 2018 Georgia Stress and Heart study 626 Adiposity Objective LV cIMT structure and function Objective Continuous outcome Higher BMI groups associated with thicker cIMT and greater LV mass index
Raitakari et al16 2003 The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 2229 Lipids BP adiposity tobacco exposure multiple risk factors Objective cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Greater LDL-C, SBP, BMI, smoking, and number of risk factors present was associated with thicker cIMT in men and women, when stratified by age groups 39 years and 12–18 years, only significant in 1218 years X X
Oren et al17 2003 Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults (ARYA) 750 Adiposity Objective cIMT Objective Continuous outcome A 1-SD increase in BMI associated with thicker cIMT
Juonala et al18 2011 Combined cohort of Bogalusa Heart Study, Muscatine Heart Study, Childhood Determinants of Adult Health, and Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 6328 Adiposity Objective cIMT Objective Event rate Overweight/obese associated with thicker cIMT as compared with normal weight no differences by sex X
Li et al19 2003 Bogalusa Heart Study 486 Adiposity BP lipids Objective cIMT Objective Categorical outcome Higher LDL-C and BMI associated with high cIMT; null association for SBP, HDL-C, triglycerides
Koskinen et al20 2018 combined cohort of Bogalusa Heart Study, the Insulin Study, Childhood Determinants of Adult Health, and Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 2893 Adiposity BP lipids Objective cIMT Objective Event rate Prehypertension, hypertension, overweight, obesity, borderline high LDL- cholesterol , high LDL-cholesterol and borderline low HDL-cholesterol associated with thicker cIMT; triglycerides not associated with cIMT
Juonala et al21 2010 Combined cohort of Bogalusa Heart Study, Muscatine Heart Study, Childhood Determinants of Adult Health, and Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 4380 Adiposity BP lipids multiple risk factors Objective cIMT Objective Categorical outcome Higher BMI, SBP associated with thicker cIMT; higher total cholesterol and number of risk factors only associated with thicker cIMT in exposure age 9–18; no association for triglycerides no sex differences X X
Juonala et al22 2010 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1809 Adiposity lipids physical activity diet multiple risk factors Objective cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Low HDL-C, obesity, low physical activity, infrequent fruit consumption, and number of risk factors associated with thicker cIMT; no association for LDL-C or triglycerides no sex differences X
Juonala et al23 2006 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 2260 Adiposity Objective cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Overweight/obese associated with thicker cIMT as compared with normal weight
Freedman et al24 2004 Bogalusa Heart Study 513 Adiposity Objective cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Higher BMI associated with thicker cIMT, more strongly associated among women than men, and among White subjects than Blacks, and among ages 15–18 years at exposure as compared with younger ages X X X
Koskinen et al25 2014 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1617 Adiposity MetS Objective cIMT Objective Event rate Overweight/obese and MetS associated with thicker cIMT
Menezes et al26 2016 Bogalusa Heart Study 3264 Adiposity Objective cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Higher BMI associated with thicker cIMT no sex differences
Davis et al27 2001 Muscatine Heart Study 725 Adiposity Lipids Objective cIMT Objective Categorical outcome Higher BMI associated with thicker cIMT in women only higher LDL associated with thicker cIMT in both men and women X
Johnson et al28 2014 MRC National Survey of Health and Development Study 1273 Adiposity Objective cIMT Objective Categorical outcome Higher BMI associated with thicker cIMT in males only, and only at exposure ages 4 and 20 X X
Charakida et al29 2014 MRC National Survey of Health and Development Study 1273 Adiposity Objective cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Overweight/obese not associated with thicker cIMT
Sabo et al30 2014 Fels Longitudinal Study 697 Adiposity BP Objective LV structure and function Objective Continuous outcome Higher BMI associated with greater LV mass in both men and women, but not associated with wall thickness
BP not associated with LV mass or thickness		 X
Yang et al31 2017 Childhood Determinants of Adult Health 8498 Adiposity Objective LV structure and function Objective Continuous outcome Higher BMI associated with worse cardias function
Hardy et al32 2016 MRC National Survey of Health and Development Study 1617 Birth weight adiposity Objective LV structure and function Objective Continuous outcome Birthweight not associated with LV mass no sex differences higher BMI associated with higher LV mass X
Li et al33 2004 Bogalusa Heart Study 467 Adiposity Objective LV structure and function Objective Continuous outcome Higher BMI associated with greater LV mass, stronger association in Blacks as compared with Whites X
Tapp et al34 2014 Childhood Determinants of Adult Health 181 Adiposity Objective LV structure and function Objective Continuous outcome Higher BMI associated with greater LV mass no sex differences X
Lai et al35 2014 Bogalusa Heart Study 1061 Adiposity BP Objective LV structure and function Objective Continuous outcome Higher SBP and BMI associated with greater LV mass
Yan et al36 2017 Beijing Blood Pressure Cohort 1256 Adiposity BP Objective LV structure and function Objective Categorical outcome Higher SBP and BMI associated with LV hypertrophy
Zhang et al37 2017 Bogalusa Heart Study 710 Adiposity Objective LV structure and function Objective Categorical outcome Higher BMI associated with greater LV mass
Sivanandam et al38 2006 Fifth- to eighth-grade students in the Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, public schools with top 15% BP 132 Adiposity Objective LV structure and function Objective Continuous outcome Higher BMI associated with greater LV mass
Toprak et al39 2008 Bogalusa Heart Study 824 Adiposity BP Objective LV structure and function Objective Categorical outcome Higher BMI and DBP associated with LV hypertrophy, association stronger in Blacks as compared with Whites X
Mahoney et al40 1996 Muscatine Heart Study 384 Adiposity BP lipids Objective Coronary artery calcification Objective Categorical outcome Higher BMI and SBP, and lower HDL-C associated with presence of coronary artery calcification no sex differences X
Berenson et al41 2016 Bogalusa Heart Study 5991 Adiposity BP Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Categorical outcome Higher BMI and BP associated with greater CHD death
Lawlor et al42 2006 Combined cohort of the Boyd- Orr, Christ’s Hospital, Glasgow Alumni studies 14 561 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: CHD clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Higher BMI associated with greater rate of CHD death no association with rate of stroke death no sex differences X
Andersen et al43 2010 Danish and Finnish individuals born 1924–1976 216 771 Birth weight adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Low birthweight and higher BMI associated with higher risk of CHD
Falkstedt et al44 2007 Swedish military conscription between 1949 and 1951 49 321 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Higher BMI associated with greater risk of CHD and stroke study sample includes men only X
Eriksson et al45 1999 Men who were born at the Helsinki University Central Hospital, 1924–1933 3641 Birth weight adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Lower birthweight, higher BMI, and faster change in BMI across childhood associated with greater risk of CHD death study sample includes men only X
Baker et al46 2007 Copenhagen schoolchildren born from 1930 to 1976 289 044 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Higher BMI associated with greater CHD risk; stronger associations for women vs men and those who had high BMI at age 13 vs age 7 years X X
Crump et al47 2017 Swedish military conscripts, 1969–1997 1 547 407 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Overweight or obese associated with increased risk of CHD study sample includes men only X
Must et al48 2012 Third Harvard Growth Study 1877 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Overweight associated with increased risk of CHD, among men only X
Osler et al49 2009 Men born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1953 9143 Birth weight adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Low birthweight and higher BMI associated with higher risk of CHD study sample includes men only X
Lawlor et al50 2005 Aberdeen Children of the 1950’s Study 11 106 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: CHD clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Higher BMI not associated with CHD obesity associated with increased risk of stroke no sex differences X
Park et al51 2013 Three British birth cohorts, born in 1946,1958 and 1970 11 447 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Self-reported Categorical outcome Overweight not associated with risk of CHD
Gjaerde et al52 2017 Copenhagen schoolchildren born from 1930–1987 307 677 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Higher BMI and faster weight gain during childhood associated with risk of stroke no sex differences X
Ohlsson et al53 2017 Men born in Gothenburg, Sweden from 1945–1961 37 669 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Faster weight gain in childhood associated with increased risk of stroke study sample includes men only X
Crump et al54 2016 Swedish military conscripts, 1969–1997 1 547 294 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Overweight or obese associated with increased risk of stroke study sample contains men only X
Hogstrom et al55 2015 Swedish military conscription between 1969–1986 811 579 Adiposity diabetes Objective Clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Higher BMI and type 2 diabetes associated with increased risk of stroke study sample contains men only X
Crump et al56 2017 Military conscripts in Sweden during 1969–1997 1 330 610 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: heart failure Objective Time to event Higher BMI associated with higher risk of heart failure study sample contains men only X
Rosengren et al57 2017 Military conscripts in Sweden during 1968–2005 1 610 437 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: heart failure Objective Time to event Higher BMI associated with higher risk of heart failure study sample contains men only X
Twig et al58 2017 military conscripts in ISRAEL during 1967–2010 2 294 139 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Higher BMI associated with higher risk of CVD no sex differences X
Bjorge et al59 2008 National tuberculosis screening in Norway, 1963–1975 226 678 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Obesity associated with greater risk of CVD death no sex differences X
Twig et al60 2016 Military conscripts in Israel during 1967–2010 2 298 130 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Higher BMI associated with higher risk of CVD death
Batty G et al61 2016 1947 Scottish Mental Survey 3839 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Higher weight at age 11 years was associated greater CVD mortality
Gunnell et al62 1998 Boyd Orr cohort 2399 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Obesity associated with greater risk of CVD death stronger association in exposure age >8 years than younger than 8 years X
Imai et al63 2014 Icelanders born between 1921 and 1935 and living in Reykjavik 1924 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Faster BMI velocity associated with greater risk of CVD mortality no sex differences X
Zheng et al64 2017 Combined cohort of the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study 122 498 Adiposity Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Self-reported Time to event Those who had higher BMI in childhood had greater risk of CVD, stronger associations for women as compared with men X
Must et al65 1992 Third Harvard Growth Study 508 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Higher BMI associated with greater CVD mortality risk, among men only X
Morrison et al66 2012 Princeton Lipid Research Clinics Follow-Up Study 770 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Self-reported Categorical outcome High BMI associated with higher CVD risk
Furer et al67 2018 Military conscripts in Israel during 1967–2010 2 294 139 Adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Higher BMI associated with higher CVD mortality no sex differences X
Bhuiyan et al68 2010 Bogalusa Heart Study 538 Birth weight Objective Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Low birthweight associated with reduced arterial compliance X X
Rich-Edwards et al69 1997 Nurses’ Health Study 70 297 Birth weight Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Low birth weight associated with increased risk of nonfatal CVD study sample included women only X
Lawani et al70 2014 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities 10 132 Birth weight Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Low birth weight associated with higher risk of atrial fibrillation
Larsson et al71 2015 Swedish Inpatient Register cohort 53 005 Birth weight Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Both low birth weight and high birth weight associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation, among men only X
Baker J et al72 2008 Danish schoolchildren born from 1936–1979 216 464 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Both low and high birth weight associated with increased CVD mortality no sex differences X
Lawlor et al73 2004 British women’s heart and health study 1394 Birth weight Self-reported Clinical CVD: CHD Self-reported Categorical outcome Low birth weight was associated with greater CHD risk study sample included women only X
Lawlor et al74 2005 Aberdeen Children of the 1950’s Study 10 803 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Low birth weight was associated with greater CHD risk
Oberg et al75 2011 Population-based cohort of like- sexed twinswith known zygosity born in Sweden from 1926 to 1958 23 689 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Categorical outcome Birth weight was found to be inversely associated with risk of CVD within dizygotic but not monozygotic twin pairs
Syddall et al76 2005 Hertfordshire Cohort Study 37 615 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Each SD lower birth weight associated with increased risk of CVD mortality no sex differences X
Frankel et al77 1996 Caerphilly Heart Disease Study 1258 Birth weight Self-reported Clinical CVD: CHD Self-reported Categorical outcome Low birth weight associated with higher risk of CHD when adult BMI is also elevated study sample includes men only X
Rajaleid et al78 2008 Uppsala Birth Cohort 11 822 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Low birth weight associated with higher risk of CHD mortality, only present in higher social class men X
Eriksson et al79 2001 Helsinki Birth Cohort 4630 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Lower birthweight associated with higher risk of CHD study sample includes men only X
Osmond et al80 1993 Hertfordshire Cohort Study 4630 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Self-reported Categorical outcome Low birthweight associated with higher risk of CVD no sex differences X
Johnson et al81 2011 Panel Study of Income Dynamics 4387 Birth weight SES Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Self-reported Categorical outcome Low birth weight and childhood poverty associated with higher risk of CVD
Forsen et al82 1999 Women born in Helsinki University Central Hospital during 1924–33 3447 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Both low birth weight associated with increased risk of CHD study sample includes only women X
Osmond et al83 2007 Helsinki Birth Cohort 12 439 Birth weight adiposity Objective Clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Low birth weight and slow growth in first 2 years after birth associated with increased risk of stroke no sex differences X
Koupilova et al84 1999 Uppsala Birth Cohort 1334 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Low birth weight associated with higher CVD mortality study sample includes only men X
Rich-Edwards et al85 2005 Nurses’ Health Study 66 111 Birth weight Self-reported Clinical CVD: CHD clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Low birth weight associated with higher risk of CHD, but no association with stroke study sample includes onlywomen X
Arnold et al86 2016 Prospective cohort in a remote Indigenous Australian community 852 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Low birth weight associated with higher risk of CVD, stronger association for women as compared with men X
Zoller et al87 2015 National cohort study of individuals who were live- born in Sweden in 1973 through 1992 1 984 858 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Low birth weight associated with higher risk of CHD
Leon et al88 1998 Uppsala Birth Cohort 14 611 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Low birth weight associated with higher risk of CHD, among men only X
Smith et al89 2016 The Women’s Health Initiative 63 815 Birth weight Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Low birth weight was associated with increased risk of CVD, associations less strong for Hispanic and African American women study sample includes onlywomen X X
Hypponen et al90 2001 Uppsala Birth Cohort 14 611 Birth weight Objective Clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Low birth weight was associated with increased risk of stroke
Forsen et al91 2004 Helsinki Birth Cohort 2345 Weight gain Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Lower weight gain in infancy associated with increased risk of CHD study sample included men only X
Forsen et al92 2004 Helsinki Birth Cohort 4130 Weight gain Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Lower weight gain in infancy associated with increased risk of CHD study sample included women only X
Leunissen et al93 2012 PROgramming factors for GRowth And Metabolism (PROGRAM) study 323 Weight gain Self-reported cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Faster weight gain in childhood associated with thicker cIMT
Terzis et al94 2012 Cohort from Athens, Greece recruited in 1983 106 Weight gain Self-reported cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Faster weight gain in childhood associated with thicker cIMT
Chu et al95 2017 Hanzhong adolescent hypertension cohort 4623 BP Objective Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Higher SBP associated with greater arterial stiffness
Xi et al96 2017 Bogalusa Heart Study 1225 BP Objective cIMT arterial stiffness LV structure and function Objective Time to event Pediatric hypertension associated with high cIMT, greater arterial stiffness, and LV hypertrophy
Liang et al97 2014 Beijing Blood Pressure Cohort 1259 BP Objective cIMT arterial stiffness LV structure and function Objective Categorical outcome Pediatric hypertension associated with high cIMT, greater arterial stiffness, and LV hypertrophy
Li et al98 2004 Bogalusa Heart Study 835 BP Objective Arterial stiffness Objective Categorical outcome Higher SBP associated with greater arterial stiffness
Aatola et al99 2017 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1540 BP Objective arterial stiffness Objective Event rate High BP not associated with arterial stiffness, unless adult BP levels were also high; no sex differences X
Aatola et al100 2013 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1241 BP Objective Arterial stiffness Objective Categorical outcome High BP associated with greater arterial stiffness
Vos et al101 2003 Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults (ARYA) 750 BP Objective cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Higher BP associated with thicker cIMT
Hao et al102 2017 Georgia Stress and Heart study 551 BP Objective cIMT LV structure and function Objective Continuous outcome Higher BP associated with thicker cIMT and greater LV mass no sex differences X
Juhola et al103 2013 International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium 4210 BP Objective cIMT Objective Event rate High BP associated with thicker cIMT
Hartiala et al104 2012 Young Finns 589 BP lipids Objective Higher SBP and LDL- C associated with coronary artery calcification Objective Categorical outcome Higher SBP associated with presence of coronary artery calcification
Magnussen et al105 2014 prospective cohort of 181 individuals 181 BP lipids Objective LV structure and function Objective Continuous outcome Higher triglycerides and higher DBP associated with greater LV mass
Sundstrom et al106 2011 Swedish military conscription between 1969–1995 1207329 BP Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event BP associated with increased CVD study sample includes men only X
Silventoinen et al107 2008 Swedish military conscription between 1969 and 1994 1 145 758 BP Objective clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event BP associated with increased CVD across levels of BMI, strongest in obese study sample includes men only X
Leiba et al108 2016 Israeli military conscription between 1967–2010 2 298 130 BP Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Pediatric hypertension associated with increased risk of CVD mortality
Erlingsdottir et al109 2010 Children admitted to Landspitali University Hospital in Iceland for elective surgical procedures between 19501967 126 BP Objective Clinical CVD: CHD Self-reported Categorical outcome Pediatric hypertension associated with increased risk of CHD
Juonala et al110 2008 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 2265 lipids Multiple risk factors Objective cIMT) Objective Continuous outcome Type IIb dyslipidemia associated with thicker cIMT higher number of risk factors associated with thicker cIMT
Li et al111 2007 Bogalusa Heart Study 868 Lipids Objective cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Differences by race and sex in the association of lipids and thicker cIMT: White men, LDL-C and triglycerides significant; White women, LDL-C significant ; Black women, LDL-C significant; Black men, no significant association for any lipid levels X X
Magnussen et al112 2009 Combined cohort of Bogalusa Heart Study, Childhood Determinants of Adult Health, and Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1711 Lipids Objective cIMT Objective Categorical outcome Dyslipidemia associated with thicker cIMT
Frontini et al113 2008 Bogalusa Heart Study 437 lipids Objective cIMT Objective Categorical outcome Higher LDL-C associated with high cIMT; no association for HDL-C and triglycerides
Morrison et al114 2012 Princeton Lipid Research Clinics Follow-Up Study 909 Lipids Objective clinical CVD: mixed definition Self-reported Categorical outcome High triglycerides associated with increased risk of CVD
Morrison et al115 2009 Princeton Lipid Research Clinics Follow-Up Study 808 Lipids Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Self-reported Time to event High triglycerides associated with increased risk of CVD
Yajnik et al116 2015 Pune Children’s Study 357 Glycemic indicators Objective cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Higher fasting glucose associated with thicker cIMT
McCarron et al117 2001 Glasgow Alumni study 8354 Tobacco exposure Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event All categories of smoking exposure associated with higher risk CVD, with significant linear trend for amount of smoking study sample included men only X
Whitley et al118 2012 Harvard Alumni Health Study 28 236 Tobacco exposure Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Smoking associated with higher risk of CVD mortality study sample included men only X
Choi et al119 2017 National Health Interview Survey linked to the National Death Index 90 278 Tobacco exposure Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Categorical outcome Current and former smokers who started smoking at or before age 16 had higher risk of CVD X
Geerts et al120 2008 Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults (ARYA) 732 Tobacco exposure Self-reported cIMT Objective Continuous outcome In utero parental smoking exposure associated with thicker cIMT
Gall et al121 2014 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1375 Tobacco exposure Self-reported cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Greater exposure to parental smoking was associated with thicker cIMT
West et al122 2015 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 2448 Tobacco exposure Self-reported coronary artery calcification Objective Event rate Greater exposure to parental smoking was associated with higher risk of presence of coronary artery calcification
Palve et al123 2014 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 2416 Physical activity Objective Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Greater physical activity associated with lower arterial stiffness, among men only X
van de Laar et al124 2011 Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study 373 Physical activity Objective Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Vigorous activity associated with lower arterial stiffness, no associations for light/ moderate activity
van de Laar et al125 2010 Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study 373 Physical activity Objective Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Vigorous activity associated with lower arterial stiffness
Ried-Larsen et al126 2015 European Youth Heart Study, Danish participants only 277 Physical activity Objective Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Higher physical activity levels associated with lower arterial stiffness
Drca et al127 2014 Population-based cohort of Swedish men 44 410 Physical activity Objective clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event No association between physical activity and atrial fibrillation study sample included men only X
Aatola et al128 2010 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1622 Diet Objective Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Higher fruit and vegetable intake associated with lower arterial stiffness
van de Laar et al129 2012 Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study 373 Diet Self-reported Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Lower intake of fiber associated with lower arterial stiffness
van de Laar et al130 2013 Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study 373 Diet Self-reported Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern associated with lower arterial stiffness
McCourt et al131 2014 Northern Ireland Young Hearts Project 487 Diet Self-reported Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome No association between adherence to Mediterranean diet pattern and arterial stiffness
Kaikkonen et al132 2013 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 823 Diet Self-reported cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat consumption associated with thicker cIMT, but omega-3 fatty acid consumption associated with less thick cIMT, among women only X
Mikkila et al133 2009 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 785 Diet Self-reported cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Traditional Finnish dietary pattern (characterized by intake of rye, potatoes, butter, milk, sausages, and coffee) was associated with thicker cIMT, among men only X
van der Pols et al134 2009 Boyd Orr cohort 4374 Diet Self-reported clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Diet high in calcium associated with lower risk of stroke mortality, no association with CHD mortality
Ness et al135 2005 Boyd Orr cohort 1234 Diet Self-reported clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Higher intake of vegetables and lower intake of fish associated with lower risk of stroke death
Jarvisalo et al136 2009 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 3596 Breastfeeding Self-reported Endothelial function cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Breastfeeding in infancy associated with higher endothelial function, among men only breastfeeding in infancy not associated with cIMT X
Martin et al137 2005 Boyd Orr cohort 362 Breastfeeding Self-reported cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Breastfeeding in infancy associated with less thick cIMT
Rich-Edwards et al138 2004 Nurses’ Health Study 87252 Breastfeeding Self-reported Clinical CVD: CHD clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Breastfeeding in infancy not associated with CHD or stroke
Martin et al139 2004 Boyd Orr cohort 3555 Breastfeeding Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Breastfeeding in infancy not associated with CVD mortality
Fall et al140 1992 Hertfordshire Cohort Study 5718 Breastfeeding Self-reported Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Event rate Breastfeeding in infancy associated with CHD, but only among those who had weaned before 1 year study sample included men only X
Kivimaki et al141 2005 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 2290 SES Self-reported cIMT Objective Continuous outcome No association between SES and cIMT
Kivimaki et al142 2006 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1922 SES Self-reported cIMT endothelial function Objective Continuous outcome No association between SES and cIMT
No association between SES and flow-mediated dilation
No sex differences		 X
Laitinen et al143 2017 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1871 SES Self-reported LV structure and function Objective Continuous outcome Low family SES was associated with higher LV mass
Smith et al144 1998 cohort of men aged 35–64 who were recruited from workplaces in the west of Scotland between 1970 and 1973 5766 SES Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Father’s occupation status associated with risk of CHD and stroke mortality
Kittleson et al145 2006 John Hopkins Precursors Study 1131 SES Self-reported Clinical CVD: CHD Objective Time to event Low parental SES associated with increased incidence of CHD
Lynch et al146 1994 Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study 2636 SES Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Low parental SES associated with increased incidence of CVD only if adult SES also low
Study sample included men only		 X
Gliksman et al147 1995 Nurses’ Health Study 117 006 SES Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Low childhood SES associated with higher risk of CVD Study sample included women only X
Heshmati et al148 2017 Uppsala Birth Cohort 10 593 SES Self-reported Clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Social mobility was associated with risk of stroke, among women only X
Lawlor et al149 2006 Aberdeen Children of the 1950’s Study 12 150 SES Self-reported clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Father’s occupation status associated with risk of CHD and stroke mortality
Melchior et al150 2006 GAZEL Cohort Study 20 570 SES Self-reported clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Low SES only associated with higher risk of CVD if adult SES was also low
Kamphuis et al151 2012 GLOBE study 11 701 SES Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Lowest group of childhood SES associated with higher risk of CVD mortality
Osler et al152 2003 Project Metropoli 11 376 SES Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Low SES in early life was associated with higher CVD mortality risk
Anderson et al153 2018 Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children 4957 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported cIMT
arterial stiffness		 Objective Continuous Cumulative psychosocial adversity in childhood not associated with cIMT or arterial stiffness;
Study sample included women only		 X
Rotar et al154 2015 survivors of the Leningrad siege with age-sex matched individuals 356 psychosocial adversity Self-reported LV structure and function Objective Continuous outcome Exposure to famine not associated with LV mass
Thurston et al155 2014 Study ofWomen’s Health Across the Nation 1369 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported cIMT Objective Continuous outcome A history of childhood sexual abuse, but not childhood physical abuse was associated with thicker cIMT
Study sample included women only		 X
Loucks et al156 2014 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study 2659 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported cIMT Objective Continuous outcome Adverse childhood family psychosocial environment associated with thicker cIMT in White men and women, but not in Black men or White X X
Cruickshank et al157 2016 The Determinants of Adolescent, Now Young Adult, Social Wellbeing, and Health Longitudinal Study 666 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome Greater perceived racism associated with greater arterial stiffness
Juonala et al158 2016 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 311 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported Coronary artery calcification Objective Categorical outcome Favorable childhood psychosocial environment associated with lower likelihood of the presence of coronary artery calcification
Head et al159 2008 individuals born in Guernsey Island 1923–1937, later occupied by Germans during WWII 873 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Exposure to war-related occupation associated with higher risk of CVD
Korkeila et al160 2010 Health and Social Support Study 23 916 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Greater number of adversities associated with greater risk of CVD, among women only X
Halonen et al161 2015 Finnish Public Sector Study 37 699 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Higher childhood adversity only associated with greater CVD risk if adult neighborhood disadvantage was also low
Morton et al162 2014 National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States 3032 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported Clinical CVD: CHD Self-reported Categorical outcome Higher levels of childhood misfortune associated with greater risk of CHD
Woo et al163 2010 elderly individuals in Hong Kong attending health check 3732 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported Clinical CVD: CHD Self-reported Categorical outcome Exposure to famine associated with greater risk of CHD
Dong et al164 2004 Kaiser Permanente’s Health Appraisal Center 17 337 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported Clinical CVD: CHD Self-reported Categorical outcome Number of childhood adverse childhood experiences associated with greater risk of CHD
Hollingshaus et al165 2015 Utah Population Database 663 729 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Objective Time to event Early-life parental death was associated with a higher risk of CVD mortality No sex differences X
Robertson et al166 2017 Swedish military conscription between 1968–2005 1 784 450 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported Clinical CVD: heart failure Objective Time to event Low stress resilience associated with higher risk of heart failure
Study sample included men only		 X
Garad et al167 2017 National Population Health Survey 4048 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported clinical CVD: mixed definition Self-reported Categorical outcome Greater number of adversities associated with greater risk of CVD, among women only X
Bergh et al168 2014 Swedish military conscription 237 879 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported Clinical CVD: stroke Objective Time to event Lower stress resiliency group associated with greater risk of stroke
Study sample included men only		 X
Shi et al169 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 5772 Psychosocial adversity Self-reported Clinical CVD: mixed definition Self-reported Categorical outcome Exposure to famine in childhood associated with lower risk of CVD
Magnussen et al170 2012 Combined cohort of Bogalusa Heart Study and Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1757 MetS Objective cIMT Objective Event rate Persistent MetS associated with greater risk of high cIMT
Koskinen et al171 2017 Combined cohort of Bogalusa Heart Study, Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, Minnesota Insulin Study, and Princeton Lipid Research Clinics Follow-Up Study 5803 MetS Objective cIMT Objective Categorical outcome MetS associated with greater risk of high cIMT, among exposure age groups 1118 years only No sex differences X X
Magnussen et al172 2016 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1453 MetS Objective cIMT Objective Categorical outcome MetS associated with greater risk of high cIMT
Magnussen et al173 2010 Combined cohort of Bogalusa Heart Study and Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1781 MetS Objective cIMT Objective Event rate MetS associated with greater risk of high cIMT, but BMI only has the same predictive capacity
Koivistoinen et al174 2011 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 945 MetS Objective Arterial stiffness Objective Continuous outcome MetS associated with greater arterial stiffness
DeBoer et al175 2016 Princeton Lipid Research Clinics Follow-Up Study 711 MetS Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Self-reported Categorical outcome MetS associated with greater risk of CVD
Morrison et al176 2007 Princeton Lipid Research Clinics Follow-Up Study 771 MetS Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Self-reported Categorical outcome MetS associated with greater risk of CVD
DeBoer et al177 2015 Princeton Lipid Research Clinics Follow-Up Study 341 MetS Objective Clinical CVD: mixed definition Self-reported Categorical outcome MetS associated with greater risk of CVD
Laitinen et al178 2012 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 856 Number of risk factors Objective cIMT Objective Categorical outcome Greater number risk factors associated with greater risk for high cIMT
Laitinen et al179 2015 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 370 Number of risk factors Objective Coronary artery calcification Objective Event rate Lower number of risk factors associated with decreased risk of presence of coronary artery calcification No sex differences X

DBP, diastolic BP; SBP, systolic BP; PWV, pulse wave velocity.