Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of households, mothers and children by study arms*
| Variables | UCT (n = 434) | UCT + SBCC (n = 433) | UCT + LNS (n = 430) | UCT + SBCC + LNS (n = 432) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household size, x̄ (SD) |
7.7 (2.5) |
7.5 (2.5) |
7.9 (2.5) |
7.7 (2.5) |
| BISP poverty score, x̄ (SD) |
11.32 (0.67) |
12.47 (0.67) |
11.00 (0.66) |
11.55 (0.66) |
| Mother’s age in years, x̄ (SD) |
28.7 (7.8) |
31.0 (7.8) |
28.6 (7.8) |
29.6 (7.8) |
| Mother’s years of schooling, x̄ (SD) |
1.5 (3.7) |
0.9 (3.7) |
1.4 (3.7) |
1.0 (3.7) |
| Total pregnancies, x̄ (SD) |
4.2 (2.6) |
4.4 (2.6) |
4.0 (2.6) |
4.2 (2.6) |
| Mother’s BMI, x̄ (SD) |
22.4 (3.7) |
21.7 (3.8) |
22.0 (3.8) |
22.0 (3.8) |
| Mother’s height in cm, x̄ (SD) |
154.2 (6.3) |
155.2 (6.4) |
154.1 (6.4) |
153.3 (6.4) |
| Father’s years of schooling, x̄ (SD) |
2.9 (4.3) |
3.1 (4.3) |
3.0 (4.3) |
2.8 (4.3) |
| Father’s height in cm, x̄ (SD) |
164.6 (6.4) |
165.0 (6.6) |
167.0 (6.6) |
167.6 (6.5) |
| Child’s age in months, x̄ (SD) |
6.2 (0.3) |
6.3 (0.3) |
6.3 (0.3) |
6.2 (0.3) |
| Child’s length in cm, x̄ (SD) |
64.4 (2.8) |
64.5 (2.7) |
64.1 (2.7) |
63.9 (2.7) |
| Child’s weight in kg, x̄ (SD) |
6.7 (1.3) |
6.7 (1.3) |
6.7 (1.3) |
6.7 (1.3) |
| Improved water |
424 (97.7) |
433 (100.0) |
418 (97.2) |
418 (96.8) |
| Improved sanitation facility |
313 (72.1) |
254 (58.7) |
323 (75.1) |
175 (40.5) |
| Wood as fuel for cooking |
355 (81.8) |
270 (62.4) |
278 (64.7) |
360 (83.3) |
| Mother's occupation |
|
|
|
|
|
Housewife
|
392 (90.3) |
429 (99.1) |
381 (88.6) |
421 (97.4) |
|
Working woman
|
42 (9.7) |
4 (0.9) |
49 (11.4) |
11 (2.5) |
| Mother’s BMI in kg per m2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Underweight (<18.5)
|
74 (18.3) |
87 (20.5) |
83 (19.6) |
78 (18.7) |
|
Normal (18.5–24.9)
|
232 (57.3) |
254 (59.9) |
242 (57.2) |
249 (59.7) |
|
Overweight (25–29.9)
|
72 (17.8) |
66 (15.6) |
73 (17.3) |
70 (16.8) |
|
Obese (≥30)
|
27 (6.7) |
17 (4.0) |
25 (5.9) |
20 (4.8) |
| Child’s gender |
|
|
|
|
|
Male
|
240 (55.3) |
224 (51.7) |
226 (52.6) |
225 (52.1) |
|
Female
|
194 (44.7) |
209 (48.3) |
204 (47.4) |
207 (47.9) |
| Stunted |
108 (24.9) |
115 (26.6) |
120 (27.9) |
115 (26.8) |
| Underweight |
103 (23.8) |
113 (26.1) |
111 (25.9) |
108 (25.1) |
| Wasted |
54 (12.5) |
53 (12.2) |
55 (12.8) |
52 (12.1) |
| Ever breastfed |
434 (100.0) |
433 (100.0) |
430 (100.0) |
432 (100.0) |
| Breastfeeding at six months |
402 (92.6) |
398 (91.9) |
396 (92.1) |
379 (87.7) |
| All vaccination by six months |
407 (93.8) |
362 (83.6) |
406 (94.4) |
397 (91.9) |
| Illness during last two weeks |
|
|
|
|
|
High grade fever
|
337 (77.7) |
307 (70.9) |
240 (55.8) |
225 (52.1) |
|
Diarrhoea
|
248 (57.1) |
169 (39.0) |
167 (38.8) |
90 (20.8) |
| ARI | 224 (51.6) | 91 (21.0) | 102 (23.7) | 12 (2.8) |
ARI – acute respiratory infections, BMI – body mass index, BISP – Benazir Income Support Programme, LNS – lipid-based nutrient supplement, SBCC – social and behaviour change communication, UCT – unconditional cash transfers, x̄ – mean
*Proportions and means are cluster adjusted. Presented as n (%) unless specified otherwise.