Table 1.
Blood lipid response to maximal exercise.
| Time Point | Mean | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Treatment | n | PRE | POST | (SEM) | Effect | p-Value | ηp2 |
| Total Cholesterol | PLA | 15 | 207.3 ± 41.6 | 226.6 ± 44.2† | 217.0 ± 9.7 | T | 0.000 | 0.870 |
| (mg/dL) | AX | 15 | 197.8 ± 29.9 | 217.9 ± 33.2† | 207.8 ± 9.7 | G x T | 0.783 | 0.003 |
| Total | 30 | 202.6 ± 35.9 | 222.2 ± 38.6 | 212.4 ± 6.8 | ||||
| Triglycerides | PLA | 15 | 130.9 ± 70.0 | 144.7 ± 67.2† | 137.8 ± 14.7 | T | 0.000 | 0.558 |
| (mg/dL) | AX | 15 | 117.7 ± 40.9 | 132.5 ± 45.0† | 125.1 ± 14.7 | G x T | 0.827 | 0.002 |
| Total | 30 | 124.3 ± 56.7 | 138.6 ± 56.5 | 131.4 ± 10.4 | ||||
| HDL Cholesterol | PLA | 15 | 48.3 ± 7.8 | 53.4 ± 8.3† | 50.9 ± 2.2 | T | 0.000 | 0.862 |
| (mg/dL) | AX | 15 | 47.1 ± 8.4 | 51.9 ± 9.3† | 49.5 ± 2.2 | G x T | 0.724 | 0.005 |
| Total | 30 | 47.7 ± 8.0 | 52.6 ± 8.7 | 50.2 ± 1.5 | ||||
| LDL Cholesterol | PLA | 15 | 134.0 ± 35.6 | 145.7 ± 38.5† | 139.9 ± 8.6 | T | 0.000 | 0.819 |
| (mg/dL) | AX | 15 | 127.7 ± 28.3 | 140.5 ± 30.3† | 134.1 ± 8.6 | G x T | 0.628 | 0.008 |
| Total | 30 | 130.8 ± 31.7 | 143.1 ± 34.2 | 137.0 ± 6.1 | ||||
| Non-HDL Cholesterol | PLA | 15 | 159.0 ± 41.9 | 173.2 ± 45.3† | 166.1 ± 10.0 | T | 0.000 | 0.835 |
| (mg/dL) | AX | 15 | 150.7 ± 32.3 | 166.0 ± 35.3† | 158.4 ± 10.0 | G x T | 0.670 | 0.007 |
| Total | 30 | 154.9 ± 37.0 | 169.6 ± 40.1 | 162.2 ± 7.1 | ||||
| VLDL Cholesterol | PLA | 15 | 25.0 ± 9.6 | 27.5 ± 10.4† | 26.2 ± 2.1 | T | 0.000 | 0.567 |
| (mg/dL) | AX | 15 | 23.1 ± 5.9 | 25.5 ± 6.7† | 24.3 ± 2.1 | G x T | 1.000 | 0.000 |
| Total | 30 | 24.0 ± 7.9 | 26.5 ± 8.6 | 25.3 ± 1.5 | ||||
| LDL/HDL Ratio | PLA | 15 | 2.86 ± 0.89 | 2.81 ± 0.88 | 2.84 ± 0.23 | T | 0.118 | 0.085 |
| AX | 15 | 2.83 ± 0.91 | 2.82 ± 0.87 | 2.82 ± 0.23 | G x T | 0.407 | 0.025 | |
| Total | 30 | 2.85 ± 0.88 | 2.82 ± 0.86 | 2.83 ± 0.16 | ||||
| Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio | PLA | 15 | 4.40 ± 1.09 | 4.35 ± 1.08 | 4.37 ± 0.27 | T | 0.137 | 0.077 |
| AX | 15 | 4.34 ± 1.05 | 4.33 ± 1.01 | 4.34 ± 0.27 | G x T | 0.396 | 0.026 | |
| Total | 30 | 4.37 ± 1.05 | 4.34 ± 1.03 | 4.36 ± 0.19 |
Data are expressed as means ± standard deviations for the placebo (PLA) and astaxanthin (AX) treatments. HDL = high-Density Lipoprotein; LDL = Low-Density Lipoprotein; VLDL = Very-Low Density Lipoprotein. Data were analyzed using a multivariate and univariate General Linear Model with repeated measures. P-levels, with partial ETA squared (ηp2) effect size, were reported. General Linear Model analysis revealed a significant overall Wilk’s Lambda for Time (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.905); however, no significant Treatment x Time (p = 0.958, ηp2 = 0.059) effect. Greenhouse-Geisser univariate p-levels are listed for time (T) and treatment x time (G x T) interaction effects. Significance was determined via pairwise comparison, with LSD posthoc adjustment, indicated as differences from baseline: † = p < 0.05 [‡ = p > 0.05 to p < 0.10]. ηp2 effect size values of 0.01–0.05 = small, 0.06–0.13 = medium, and > 0.14 = large.