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. 2024 Nov 22;19:164. doi: 10.1186/s13020-024-01035-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — KLK8 mediates the differentiation, collagen synthesis, and migration of HG-PA-exposed CFs. A–C OE-KLK8-transfected CFs for 12 h. A OE-KLK8 increased the expression of the fibrosis-related proteins KLK8, α-SMA, TGFβ1, Collagen I, and Collagen III in CFs. B KLK8 mRNA was highly expressed in OE-KLK8-exposed CFs. C OE-KLK8-exposed CFs. The cell migration capacity was measured via a wound healing assay; scale bar = 50 μm. D–F CFs were transfected with KLK8 siRNA for 8 h, exposed to HG-PA, and then incubated for 40 h with or without GAS (5 µM). D Immunoblots showing the expression of the fibrosis-associated proteins KLK8, α-SMA, TGFβ1, Collagen I, and Collagen III. E Immunofluorescence staining of α-SMA is shown; α-SMA (green) and cell nuclei were restained with DAPI (blue); scale bar = 50 μm. F Wound healing assay; scale bar = 50 μm. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001.