Figure 1.

Following the inclusion process and the initial baseline assessment, patients with coronary heart disease who had recently been diagnosed with prediabetes (defined by a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level between 5.7% and 6.4%) participated in a 3-pronged intervention. This intervention encompassed nutritional guidance, exercise training, and educational support, all delivered simultaneously. These patients were evaluated after 3 months of this intervention, and once more after an additional 3 months, during which they transitioned to training independently and adopted time-restricted eating practices. carb, carbohydrate; HIIT: high-intensity interval training; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; MedDiet, Mediterranean diet; MET, metabolic equivalent; TRE, time-restricted eating.