Table 1.

Summary of wood anatomical traits by tribe and subfamily/grade. Numbers in parentheses behind clade names are number of wood samples investigated (generally one sample per species with a few exceptions; see Appendices S1 and S2 for sampling specifics). Clades in grey are rauvolfioids, blue are apocynoids, green is Periplocoideae, yellow Secamonoideae, and red Asclepiadoideae. Tribes in bold include climbing species. +: present; ‐: absent; (): traits occasionally present but not found in all clade members.

	Vessels mainly solitary	Vessels mainly in radial multiples	Vessels mainly in clusters	Vessel dimorphism	(Vasicentric) tracheids common	Fiber‐tracheids	Libriform fibers	Septate fibers	Apotracheal axial parenchyma	Paratracheal axial parenchyma	Uniseriate rays	Multiseriate rays	Prismatic crystals in axial parenchyma	Prismatic crystals in ray cells	Vascular variants	Laticifers
Aspidospermateae (14)	+	‐	‐	‐	‐	+	(+)	‐	+	‐	‐	+	+	(+)	‐	‐
Alstonieae (5)	‐	+	‐	‐	‐	+	‐	‐	+	‐	‐	+	(+)	‐	‐	(+)
Vinceae (13)	+	(+)	‐	‐	‐	+	‐	‐	+	‐	+	+	+	+	?	‐
Willughbeieae (26)	+	+	(+)	(+)	+	+	‐	‐	+	+	+	+	(+)	‐	‐	+
Tabernaemontaneae (28)	+	+	‐	‐	‐	‐	+	+	‐	‐	+	+	‐	(+)	‐	‐
Diplorhynchus (2)		‐	‐	‐	‐	+	‐	‐	(+)	+	(+)	+	‐	+	‐	+
Melodineae (4)	+	(+)	‐	‐	+	+	‐	‐	+	+	+	+	(+)	+	‐	‐
Hunterieae (7)	+	‐	‐	‐	‐	+	+	‐	+	‐	+	+	‐	‐	‐	‐
Amsonieae (2)	+	‐	‐	‐	+	+	‐	‐	‐	‐	+	+	‐	‐	‐	+
Alyxieae (10)	+	‐	‐	‐	+	+	‐	‐	+	+	+	+	(+)	‐	‐	(+)
Plumerieae (15)	‐	+	(+)	‐	‐	(+)	+	(+)	+		+	+	‐	‐	‐	‐
Carisseae (5)	+	‐	‐	‐	‐	+	‐	‐	+	‐	+	+	+	‐	‐	‐
Wrightieae (8)	(+)	+	‐	‐	‐	+	+	‐	+	‐	+	+	‐	+	‐	‐
Nerieae (10)	‐	+	‐	‐	‐	(+)	+	‐	+	‐	‐	+	(+)	‐	(+)	(+)
Malouetieae (16)	‐	+	‐	‐	‐	(+)	+	‐	+	‐	+	+	+	‐	‐	‐
Echiteae (6)	‐	‐	+	+	+	(+)	+	‐	‐	+	+	+	(+)	(+)	(+)	+
Odontadenieae (6)	‐	‐	+	+	+	‐	+	+	‐	‐	‐	+	(+)	‐	‐	‐
Mesechiteae (8)	‐	‐	+	+	(+)	+	+	(+)	‐	+	+	+	+	+	(+)	+
Apocyneae (20)	(+)	‐	+	+	+	+	+	‐	+	+	‐	+	+	(+)	‐	+
Rhabdadenieae (1)	‐	+	‐	‐	‐	‐	+	‐	‐	+	+	‐	‐	‐	‐	+
Baisseeae (6)	‐	‐	+	+	+	+	+	‐	+	+	‐	+	+	(+)	‐	+
Periplocoideae (8)	+	‐	+	+	+	+	+	‐	+	+	+	+	+	(+)	(+)	‐
Secamonoideae (9)	+	‐	(+)	(+)	(+)	+	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	+	(+)	(+)	‐	(+)
Marsdenieae (21)	+	‐	+	+	‐	+	+	‐	‐	+	+	+	‐	‐	(+)	(+)
Ceropegieae (6)	+	‐	(+)	(+)	‐	+	‐	‐	‐	+	+	+	‐	+	+	+
Asclepiadeae (38)	+	+	+	(+)	(+)	+	+	‐	‐	+	+	‐	‐	‐	(+)	(+)