Table 4.
Functional component of MFH plants for the treatment of insomnia.
| Component | Classifications | TCM | Animal types | Sampling parts | Caused pharmacological changes | Related molecular mechanism | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gastrodin | Phenolics | Gastrodia elata Bl. | Mice | cerebral cortex | 5-HT ↑ p-ERK/ERK↓ BCL-2↑ IL-1β↑ IL-6↓ |
Inhibit ERK molecular phosphorylation and improve inflammatory response | [37] |
| Rosmarinic Acid | Polyphenols | Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. | Rat | hypothalamus | GAD65/67 ↑ | through GABA(A)-ergic transmission | [93] |
| N6-(4-hydroxybenzyl) adenine riboside | Adenosine | Gastrodia elata Bl. | Rat | VLPO | c-fos of GABA↑ | Mediated by the A2ARs to activate GABAergic neurons in the VLPO | [38] |
| schisandrin B | Lignans | Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.)Baill. | Rat | hypothalamus | 5-HT↑ 5-HIAA ↑ HTRlA↑ GABA↑ Glu↓ GAD↑ GABA-T↓ GABA(A) Rα1↑ GABA(A) Rγ2↑ |
Regulate GABAergic and serotonergic action | [48] |
| Tenuifolin | Saponins | Polygala tenuifolia Willd. | Mice | VLPO、LC、Pef、LDT PPT |
NE↓ GABA↑ |
Mediated the activation of endogenous GABAergic and/or by inhibition of no-radrenergic systems | [54] |
| PPT、LDT | Ach↑ | ||||||
| Zebrafish | Whole larvae | gad1 ↑ gabra1↑ gat1↑ |
Regulate GABAergic systems | [55] | |||
| Jujuboside B | Saponins | Semen Ziziphi Spinosae | Rat | Hippocampus | GABA↑ Glu↓ Glu/GABA↓ 5-HT↑ DA↓ 5-HT/DA ↑ GABA(A)Rα1 and γ2↑ |
Activate the GABA nervous system | [76] |
| Jujuboside A | Saponins | Semen Ziziphi Spinosae | Rat | intestinal tissues | IL-1α↓ MIP-1α↓ IL-1β↓ IL-2↓ |
Downregulate the synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in intestinal mucosal system and be transmitted to the brain through the blood circulatory system |
[78] |
| brain tissues | IL-1α↓ IFN-γ↓ IP-10↓ TNF-α↓ |
||||||
| Rat | Cerebral | 8-isoprostane↓ DDAHI↑ DDAHII↑ ADMA↓ NE↓ Glu↓ 5-HT↑ GABA↑ |
Decreasing the level of ADMA and improving the production of DDAH | [79] | |||
| Rg5/Rk1 | Saponins | Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. | Mice | Serum | GABA↑ Glu↓ |
Affecting the GABA nervous system and the serotonin nervous system | [88] |
| CECUM | GABA↑ 5-HT↑ |
||||||
| Rat | Serum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cortical | GABA↑ Glu↓ |
|||||
| Brain | GABA(A) receptor↑ GABA(B) receptor ↑ 5-HT1A ↑ |
||||||
| Rg1 | Rat | locus coeruleus (LC), dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), laterodorsal pontine tegmentum (LDT), VLPO | NE↓ | Related to the regulation of norepinephrine and serotonergic systems | [89] | ||
| DRN | Fos + ratio of serotonergic neurons↑ | ||||||
| LC | Fos + ratio of noradrenergic neurons↓ |