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. 2024 Nov 22;14:29013. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-79909-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Decline of selected SIM levels across all cohorts except chronic HCV with cirrhosis. IL-10, IL-22, TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-6 displayed normalization in SARS-CoV-2 cohort 2. Acute HCV patients exhibited overall increased SIM levels. Non-cirrhotic HCV patients returned to healthy levels after achieving sustained virologic response (SVR). However, chronic cirrhotic HCV patients showed persistent SIM levels with no significant change compared to T1. Measurements are presented as the mean with standard error. The Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s correction was applied for comparisons between healthy donors and the different cohorts at T1 and the last follow-up. Two-tailed p-values were considered significant at < 0.05 (*), < 0.01 (**), < 0.001 (***) and < 0.0001 (****).