Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable Poisson regression analysis of trial characteristics and adequate female representation.
| Model 1 – Univariable | Model 2 – Multivariable | |
|---|---|---|
| Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) | Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Out-patient recruitment | 1.17 (1.04 – 1.31) | 1.15 (1.02 – 1.29) |
| Sex-dependent eligibility criteria | 0.99 (0.89 – 1.12) | 1.05 (0.94 – 1.17) |
| Reporting of sex-stratified results | 0.98 (0.88 – 1.10) | 1.01 (0.89 – 1.15) |
| Female first and/or last author | 1.23 (1.08 – 1.40) | 1.22 (1.07 – 1.38) |
| Number of participants | ||
| 100 – 300 | Ref | Ref |
| 300 – 1000 | 1.08 (0.93 – 1.25) | 1.05 (0.91 – 1.22) |
| 1000–––3000 | 1.08 (0.92 – 1.28) | 1.03 (0.88 – 1.22) |
| 3000–––27564 | 0.96 (0.82 – 1.11) | 0.93 (0.80 – 1.08) |
| Region | ||
| North America | Ref | Ref |
| Asia + MENA | 0.98 (0.87 – 1.11) | 0.97 (0.81 – 1.17) |
| Europe | 0.92 (0.77 – 1.10) | 0.99 (0.88 – 1.11) |
| Funding | ||
| Industry | Ref | Ref |
| Public | 0.93 (0.79 – 1.11) | 0.99 (0.82 – 1.18) |
| Mixed | 0.96 (0.80 – 1.15) | 0.97 (0.79 – 1.18) |
| Year of publication† | ||
| 1992 – 2008 | Ref | Ref |
| 2009 – 2012 | 0.93 (0.79 – 1.09) | 0.89 (0.75 – 1.04) |
| 2013 – 2018 | 0.89 (0.76 – 1.03) | 0.90 (0.78 – 1.04) |
| 2019 – 2022 | 0.88 (0.75 – 1.02) | 0.89 (0.76––1.04) |
| Year of start recruitmenti | ||
| 1984–––2003 | Ref | Ref |
| 2004 – 2007 | 0.98 (0.83 – 1.16) | 1.02 (0.83 – 1.24) |
| 2008 – 2013 | 0.88 (0.74 – 1.04) | 0.90 (0.70 – 1.15) |
| 2014 – 2020 | 0.87 (0.73 – 1.04) | 0.84 (0.60 – 1.19) |
| Age based on mean age of patients | 0.99 (0.98 – 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99 – 1.01) |
| Journal | ||
| Other | Ref | Ref |
| Circulation | 0.98 (0.78 – 1.24) | 0.98 (0.77 – 1.24) |
| JACC | 1.05 (0.79 – 1.39) | 1.05 (0.81 – 1.37) |
| JAMA | 1.02 (0.83 – 1.25) | 0.96 (0.78 – 1.18) |
| Lancet | 0.96 (0.76 – 1.20) | 0.92 (0.69 – 1.23) |
| NEJM | 0.90 (0.79 – 1.03) | 0.91 (0.74 – 1.10) |
Abbreviations: JACC, Journal of the American College of Cardiology; JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association; MENA, Middle East North Africa; NEJM, New England Journal of Medicine. A Participation-to-Prevalence Ratio < 0.8 is the definition of female underrepresentation and serves as reference category.
The multivariable model is adjusted for recruitment type, number of participants, female first and/or last author and year of publication.