Table 1.
Investigations into the nanoencapsulation of bioactive substances utilizing various nanocarriers.
| Enriched/Fortified food | Bioactive compound | Capsule wall compositions | Encapsulation Techniques | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Meat products |
Fresh bovine meat | Tunisian thyme essential oil | Chitosan, gum Arabic /Median-chain triacyglycerols | Nanoemulsion | (Snoussi et al., 2022) |
| Chilled pork | Satureja montana L. essential oil | Soy soluble polysaccharide | Hydrogel | (Cui et al., 2021) | |
| Sheep meat hamburger | Olive leaf extract (Olea europaea L.) | Gelatin/tragacanth gum | Coacervation | (Oliveira et al., 2022) | |
| Chicken nuggets | Fish oil | Carrageenan /Gum tragacanth | Freeze dryer | (Pourashouri et al., 2021) | |
| Pork meat (fresh post-rigor raw pork, mixture of biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis and aductor) and pork backfat | Olive leaves extract | Healthy oil blend (olive oil, linseed oil and fish oil, polyglycerol ester of polyricinoleic acid) | Double emulsions | (Robert et al., 2019) | |
| Hamburger-like meat products | Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil | Casein/maltodextrin | Spray drying | (Radünz et al., 2020) | |
| Minced beef | Laurus nobilis leaf extract | Lecithin | Nano-liposome | (Tometri et al., 2020) | |
| Reduced-fat meat batter | Murraya koenigii berry extract | Table oil | Double emulsion | (Kumar & Kumar, 2020) | |
| Beef | Pomegranate peel extract | Chitosan/Poly (ethylene oxide) | Electrospun | (Surendhiran et al., 2020) | |
| Chicken meat | Peel extract of Punica granatum L. | Alginate/ Calcium chloride | Nanoemulsion | (Rahnemoon et al., 2021) | |
| Beef meat | Rosemary extract | Basil seed gum /Soybean protein | Freeze dryer | (Rashidaie Abandansarie et al., 2019) | |
| Chicken meat | Phlorotannin | Sodium alginate/Poly(ethyleneoxide) | Electrospinning technique | (Surendhiran et al., 2019) | |
| Patty-type products based on beef (gluteus medius) | Fish Oil | Alginate/Chitosan/ P. alba exudate gum | Emulsion | (Vasile et al., 2019) | |
| Beef Burger Patties | Prickly Pear Fruit Extract | Alginate | Spray-Drying | (Parafati et al., 2019) | |
| Sausage | Animal fat | Pectin | Emulsification process | (Santiaguín-Padilla et al., 2019) | |
| Fresh meat | Eugenol | Gelatin-based emulgel | Spray-Drying | (Wan et al., 2020) | |
 Dairy products |
Milk powders | Curcumin | Casein micelles | Spray-drying |
(Neves et al., 2019) |
| Cow milk / goat milk | Bifidobacterium longum | Alginate | Extrusion method | (Prasanna & Charalampopoulos, 2018) | |
| Whole milk | Isoflavone | Maltodextrin /Gum acacia | Spray-Drying | (Mazumder & Ranganathan, 2020) | |
| Probiotic fermented milk | Lactobacillus casei | Alginate | Extrusion method | (Dimitrellou et al., 2019) | |
| Goats' milk yogurt | Bifidobacterium | Alginate/Goats' milk/inulin | Freeze dryer | (Pradeep Prasanna & Charalampopoulos, 2019) | |
| Lassi (A milk based beverage) | Vitamin D3 | Caprylic-/Capric triglyceride | Nano-liposome | (Maurya & Aggarwal, 2019) | |
| Yogurt | Beta vulgaris | Maltodextrin/ inulin | Freeze dryer | (Flores-Mancha et al., 2021) | |
| Yogurt | Red pepper waste | Whey protein | Freeze dryer | (Šeregelj et al., 2019) | |
| Yogurt | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus | Ionic gelation | Emulsification process | (Romero-Chapol et al., 2022) | |
| Yogurt | Carrot waste extract | Alginate | Freeze dryer | (Šeregelj, Pezo, et al., 2021) | |
| Yogurt | Lactobacillus bulgaricus | Sodium alginate/pectin | Freeze dryer | (Hu et al., 2021) | |
| Yogurt | Anthocyanin | Gum arabic | Spray-Drying | (Barretto et al., 2020) | |
| Yogurt | Fish protein hydrolysate | Complex of whey protein concentrate / Inulin | Emulsification process | (Jamshidi et al., 2019) | |
| Cheddar cheese | Bifidobacterium bifidum | Kepa carrageenan /sodium alginate | Freeze dryer | (Afzaal et al., 2020) | |
| Ricotta Cheese | Saffron Extract | Soy lecithin | Liposome | (Siyar et al., 2021) | |
| White soft cheese | Olive polyphenolic extract | Maltodextrin / Whey protein isolate /Skim milk powder | Freeze dryer | (Farrag et al., 2020) | |
| Ricotta cheese | Broccoli sprout extract | Basil seeds gum | Freeze dryer | (Azarashkan et al., 2022) | |
| Iranian white cheese | Lactobacillus plantarum and phytosterols | Whey protein isolate / Gum Arabic | Freeze dryer | (Sharifi et al., 2021) | |
 Cereal products |
Cereal cookies | Bacteriophages | Alginate / Calcium ions / /Milk proteins | Spray-Drying | (Schubert et al., 2022) |
| Bread | Lemongrass essential oil | Cassava starch fibers | Electrospinning | (da Cruz et al., 2023) | |
| Bread | Lactobacillus acidophilus | Alginate/Fish Gelatin | Liposome | (Hadidi et al., 2021) | |
| Gluten-free sorghum bread | Lactobacillus acidophilus /Lactobacillus plantarum | Tragacanth gum /Sago starch | Spray-Drying | (Ghasemi et al., 2022) | |
| Bread / Biscuits | Fenugreek oil | Okra / Psyllium mucilage / Whey protein / Gum Arabic | Freeze dryer | (Mohammad et al., 2024) | |
| Wheat bread | Rosehip extract | Sodium alginate | Freeze dryer | (Şimşek & Özgen, 2023) | |
| Durum Wheat Pasta | Carrot Waste | Sunflower oil | Spray-Drying | (Šeregelj et al., 2022) | |
| Pasta | Wild Garlic (Allium ursinum) | Maltodextrin | Spray-Drying | (Filipčev et al., 2023) | |
| Modified pasta | Apple pomace /finger millet | Maltodextrin / Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose | Spray-Drying | (Kumari, Arya, et al., 2023) | |
| Eggless cake with chia | Flax seed oil | Gum Arabic / Soy-protein isolate / Sodium caseinate / Sodium alginate | Spray-Drying | (Murugkar et al., 2021) | |
| Cake | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous | Flaxseed oil | Spray-Drying | (Łopusiewicz et al., 2021) | |
| Biscuits | mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel extract | Arabic gum | Spray-Drying | (Indiarto et al., 2023) | |
| Millet biscuit | Lactobacillus acidophilus | Maltodextrin / Gum arabic | Spray-Drying | (Arepally et al., 2023) | |
 Drinks |
Apple Juice | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus | Ionic gelation | Emulsification process | (Romero-Chapol et al., 2022) |
| Apple Juice | Lactobacillus gasseri | Alginate | Emulsification process | (Varela-Pérez et al., 2022) | |
| Orange juice | Lactobacillus casei tocotrienol | Calcium alginate-Carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel beads | Emulsification process | (Sultana et al., 2023) | |
| Raspberry juice | Fresh raspberry fruits | Gum Arabic / Maltodextrin / Waxy starch | Freeze dryer | (Nthimole et al., 2022) | |
| Clidemia japurensis / Clidemia hirta juices | Bioactive compounds | Maltodextrin | Freeze dryer | (Mar et al., 2020) | |
| Bitter melon juice | Indian bitter melon | Maltodextrin /Gum Arabic / Pectin/Soy protein isolate | Spray-Drying | (Wang et al., 2021) | |
| Orange-carrot juice | Arctium lappa L. root extracts | Maltodextrin /Gum Arabic | Spray-drying /Freeze-drying | (Esmaeili et al., 2022) | |
| Orange juice | Resveratrol / Epigallocatechin gallate | Low methoxyl pectin | Liposome | (Feng et al., 2020) | |
|
Orange juice |
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus | Alginate | Freeze dryer | (Bonaccorso et al., 2021) | |
|
Goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) juice |
Carotenoids | Maltodextrin/ Modified starch/ Inulin/Alginate/ Gum arabic | Spray-Drying | (Etzbach et al., 2020) | |
| The spray dried fruits juice powders | Vitamin C | Maltodextrin | Spray-Drying | (Rohini et al., 2024) | |
| Orange juice | Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Alginate / Xanthan gum | Emulsification process | (Ali et al., 2023) | |