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. 2024 Nov 22;15:10124. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54243-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a T1w/T2w intensity values for left and right hemispheres (Z-scored separately). Deeper purple indicates higher intensity. b The mean asymmetry index (AI) and related Cohen’s d maps calculated across subjects. Red/brown and blue/green indicate left- and right-ward asymmetry direction at populational level. AI was also summarized into functional networks with mean and standard error in the barplot. Cohen’s d map was thresholded at P_FDR < 0.05 (two-sided). c Spatial correlation between mean HCP AI and BigBrain AI maps. A variogram permutation test was used to account for the spatial autocorrelation. Bold correlation with layer asymmetry indicates significance after variogram permutation at P < 0.05 level (two-sided). d Heritability map and network barplot (bar is standard error) estimated by individual variation of AI. The heritability map was thresholded at P_FDR < 0.05 for multiple comparisons correction. Right panel is the spatial correlation between mean AI and heritability maps. e T-maps of sex and age effects in the model of AI = 1 + sex + age. Purple red indicates higher leftward asymmetry in females and in older people, respectively. Right panel is the spatial correlation between mean AI and t-value maps. Round and triangle dots represent sex and age. The t-maps were thresholded at P_FDR < 0.05 for multiple comparisons correction. f and g plot the detailed sex and age effects in functional networks (AI mean and standard error). Dashed lines indicate t-value for sex and age, respectively. * indicates statistical significance after multiple comparisons (P_FDR < 0.05). The colors of dots and bars in all plots reflect atlas-defined functional networks including primary visual (Vis1), secondary visual (Vis2), somatomotor (SMN), cingulo-opercular (CON), dorsal attention (DAN), language (LAN), frontoparietal (FPN), auditory network (AUD), default mode (DMN), posterior multimodal (PMN), ventral multimodal (VMN), orbito-affective (OAN).