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. 2024 Nov 22;14:28976. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-79817-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Global structure–function coupling. (a) Overall assessment of SDI differences between EEG and fNIRS across ROIs, subjects, frequency bands, and hemoglobin types, in both RS and task conditions. The red asterisk highlights statistical significance (p < 0.05). (b,c) Bar plot illustrating the comparison of SDI between EEG bands, and (d) between HbO and HbR, during RS and task, represented as z-values. A higher absolute z-value indicates a more pronounced difference between the two groups. A positive z-value suggests that the first group exhibits higher values than the second group (indicating more decoupling), while a negative z-value implies lower values in the first group (indicating more coupling). The red asterisk denotes statistical significance (p < 0.05). (e,f). Evaluation of similarity within and between modalities (across each EEG frequency band and between HbO and HbR for fNIRS, as well as between each band and each hemoglobin) using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). (g) mean and std of SDI values, across ROIs and subjects, for each EEG band and fNIRS chromophore in RS and task. The red asterisk denotes statistical significance (p < 0.05).