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. 2024 Nov 22;7(11):e2447447. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.47447

Table 1. Characteristics of Clinics’ Patient Populations in the Baseline Period (2 Years Prior to Randomization).

Characteristic Clinic mean (SD), prerandomization
PROUD intervention Usual care
Primary care patients in each trial group, No.a 130 618 159 453
Staffing and size of clinics in baseline period
No. of clinicians who prescribe in clinicb 31.7 (20.0) 36.8 (18.8)
No. of primary care buprenorphine prescribers in clinicc 1.5 (1.0) 1.5 (2.0)
No. of patients seen in clinicd 18 530 (4074) 22 664 (8265)
Proportion of clinics’ patient population, %
Age, ye
16-17 2.2 (1.7) 1.9 (1.4)
18-24 8.5 (2.2) 10.2 (3.0)
25–44 30.1 (4.9) 34.3 (7.2)
45–64 39.0 (4.3) 36.7 (6.9)
65-74 12.6 (3.1) 10.4 (3.0)
≥75 7.6 (2.9) 6.4 (3.2)
Sex
Female 59.3 (4.0) 64.0 (5.3)
Male 40.7 (4.0) 36.0 (5.3)
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic ethnicity 26.4 (25.6) 33.4 (29.9)
Non-Hispanic ethnicity
Asian 5.2 (3.8) 5.0 (5.0)
Black or African American 18.4 (14.4) 18.9 (13.4)
American Indian or Alaska Native 0.5 (0.6) 0.5 (0.6)
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 0.4 (0.5) 0.8 (1.1)
White 40.9 (33.3) 31.1 (24.7)
Multiple race 0.4 (0.5) 0.8 (1.3)
Other racef 2.4 (2.4) 2.9 (2.7)
Missing race and ethnicity data 5.4 (2.8) 6.7 (2.6)
Insurance status closest to randomization
Medicare 21.1 (7.0) 18.3 (8.6)
Medicaid 27.7 (31.7) 35.7 (33.3)
Otherwise insured (eg, commercial or private) 57.7 (25.2) 53.1 (27.7)
Uninsured 5.3 (5.9) 4.5 (5.4)
Unknown 1.0 (1.4) 1.0 (1.2)
Patients’ neighborhoodg
Median household income, $ 61 270.0 (24 151.8) 54 467.7 (16 779.0)
Unemployed 6.1 (2.9) 7.2 (2.3)
Below federal poverty level 16.0 (11.2) 18.2 (9.7)
Any mental health diagnoses 23.3 (5.0) 22.8 (6.7)
Depression 13.8 (3.8) 13.4 (5.6)
Anxiety 15.4 (3.4) 15.2 (3.6)
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 1.2 (0.9) 1.1 (0.7)
Posttraumatic stress disorder 1.0 (0.6) 1.1 (0.7)
Schizophrenia or psychoses 0.8 (0.5) 0.8 (0.4)
Other mental health conditions 1.8 (0.5) 1.8 (0.9)
Any substance use disorder diagnoses
Opioid 0.7 (0.5) 0.8 (0.5)
Tobacco 7.4 (4.1) 8.2 (4.4)
Alcohol 2.0 (1.0) 1.8 (0.8)
Cannabis 0.8 (0.7) 0.7 (0.4)
Stimulant 0.4 (0.3) 0.4 (0.3)
Other 0.6 (0.3) 0.5 (0.3)
Baseline value of PROUD trial outcome: patient-years of OUD treatment per 10 000 primary care patients 6.8 (5.5) 10.6 (7.4)

Abbreviations: OUD, opioid use disorder; PROUD, Primary Care OUD Treatment trial.

a

All patients assigned to the PROUD intervention or usual care clinics, based on an eligible primary care visit in the 3 years prerandomization.

b

Number and type (eg, physician, physician assistant, advanced registered nurse practitioner, or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine) determined from encounter data in the electronic health record during the 2 years prerandomization; clinicians assigned to clinics based on number of visits in clinic prerandomization.

c

Primary care clinicians who can prescribe buprenorphine determined from electronic health record medication orders and procedures.

d

Number of patients seen in each clinic during the 2 years prerandomization.

e

At eligible visit closest to and prior to randomization date.

f

Other race was recorded in the electronic health record when a person did not identify as belonging to any of the previously listed racial groups and was not Hispanic.

g

Using zip code of residence at time closest to randomization date.