Table 1. Characteristics of Clinics’ Patient Populations in the Baseline Period (2 Years Prior to Randomization).
Characteristic | Clinic mean (SD), prerandomization | |
---|---|---|
PROUD intervention | Usual care | |
Primary care patients in each trial group, No.a | 130 618 | 159 453 |
Staffing and size of clinics in baseline period | ||
No. of clinicians who prescribe in clinicb | 31.7 (20.0) | 36.8 (18.8) |
No. of primary care buprenorphine prescribers in clinicc | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.5 (2.0) |
No. of patients seen in clinicd | 18 530 (4074) | 22 664 (8265) |
Proportion of clinics’ patient population, % | ||
Age, ye | ||
16-17 | 2.2 (1.7) | 1.9 (1.4) |
18-24 | 8.5 (2.2) | 10.2 (3.0) |
25–44 | 30.1 (4.9) | 34.3 (7.2) |
45–64 | 39.0 (4.3) | 36.7 (6.9) |
65-74 | 12.6 (3.1) | 10.4 (3.0) |
≥75 | 7.6 (2.9) | 6.4 (3.2) |
Sex | ||
Female | 59.3 (4.0) | 64.0 (5.3) |
Male | 40.7 (4.0) | 36.0 (5.3) |
Race and ethnicity | ||
Hispanic ethnicity | 26.4 (25.6) | 33.4 (29.9) |
Non-Hispanic ethnicity | ||
Asian | 5.2 (3.8) | 5.0 (5.0) |
Black or African American | 18.4 (14.4) | 18.9 (13.4) |
American Indian or Alaska Native | 0.5 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.6) |
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.8 (1.1) |
White | 40.9 (33.3) | 31.1 (24.7) |
Multiple race | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.8 (1.3) |
Other racef | 2.4 (2.4) | 2.9 (2.7) |
Missing race and ethnicity data | 5.4 (2.8) | 6.7 (2.6) |
Insurance status closest to randomization | ||
Medicare | 21.1 (7.0) | 18.3 (8.6) |
Medicaid | 27.7 (31.7) | 35.7 (33.3) |
Otherwise insured (eg, commercial or private) | 57.7 (25.2) | 53.1 (27.7) |
Uninsured | 5.3 (5.9) | 4.5 (5.4) |
Unknown | 1.0 (1.4) | 1.0 (1.2) |
Patients’ neighborhoodg | ||
Median household income, $ | 61 270.0 (24 151.8) | 54 467.7 (16 779.0) |
Unemployed | 6.1 (2.9) | 7.2 (2.3) |
Below federal poverty level | 16.0 (11.2) | 18.2 (9.7) |
Any mental health diagnoses | 23.3 (5.0) | 22.8 (6.7) |
Depression | 13.8 (3.8) | 13.4 (5.6) |
Anxiety | 15.4 (3.4) | 15.2 (3.6) |
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.7) |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 1.0 (0.6) | 1.1 (0.7) |
Schizophrenia or psychoses | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.4) |
Other mental health conditions | 1.8 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.9) |
Any substance use disorder diagnoses | ||
Opioid | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.5) |
Tobacco | 7.4 (4.1) | 8.2 (4.4) |
Alcohol | 2.0 (1.0) | 1.8 (0.8) |
Cannabis | 0.8 (0.7) | 0.7 (0.4) |
Stimulant | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.3) |
Other | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) |
Baseline value of PROUD trial outcome: patient-years of OUD treatment per 10 000 primary care patients | 6.8 (5.5) | 10.6 (7.4) |
Abbreviations: OUD, opioid use disorder; PROUD, Primary Care OUD Treatment trial.
All patients assigned to the PROUD intervention or usual care clinics, based on an eligible primary care visit in the 3 years prerandomization.
Number and type (eg, physician, physician assistant, advanced registered nurse practitioner, or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine) determined from encounter data in the electronic health record during the 2 years prerandomization; clinicians assigned to clinics based on number of visits in clinic prerandomization.
Primary care clinicians who can prescribe buprenorphine determined from electronic health record medication orders and procedures.
Number of patients seen in each clinic during the 2 years prerandomization.
At eligible visit closest to and prior to randomization date.
Other race was recorded in the electronic health record when a person did not identify as belonging to any of the previously listed racial groups and was not Hispanic.
Using zip code of residence at time closest to randomization date.