Table 2. Clinic-Level Implementation Outcomes of the PROUD Trial Assessed in the 3 Years Postrandomization^a.

Outcome	Clinic mean (SD) postrandomization		Mean difference (95% CI)c
	PROUD intervention (n = 171 510)b	Usual care (n = 205 833)b
Primary outcome: patient-years of OUD treatmentd,e	30.6 (23.1)	22.8 (18.8)	19.7 (11.1 to 28.4)
Secondary outcomes of patient-years of OUD treatment
Timing of treatment initiation
Ongoing treatment	7.2 (7.1)	10.7 (6.5)	0.1 (−4.6 to 4.8)
Newly initiated treatment	23.4 (16.2)	12.1 (14.2)	19.2 (8.4 to 30.0)
Restricted to when nurse was seeing patients	30.3 (26.0)	20.2 (18.1)	21.9 (9.9 to 33.9)
Newly initiated treatment postrandomization and when nurse was seeing patientsd	24.0 (19.2)	12.1 (14.9)	21.4 (4.7 to 38.0)

Abbreviations: OUD, opioid use disorder; PROUD, Primary Care OUD Treatment trial.

^a Results presented per 10 000 primary care patients by dividing by the number of patients seen in the clinic postrandomization and multiplied by 10 000.

^b Patients in each trial group were eligible 3 years prior to randomization and up to 2 years postrandomization.

^c Random-effects model adjusted for the outcome measure at baseline (2 years prior to randomization).

^d Treatment defined as having a medication order or procedure code for buprenorphine formulations that are indicated for OUD or having a medication order or procedure code for extended-release injectable naltrexone.

^e The intraclass correlation within cluster is 0.72.