Table 1.

Study Characteristics

Author	Country	n (% male)	Population	Design	Time	Stigma type	Outcome measure(s)	Intervention description	Results	MMAT
Milner et al. (2018)	Australia	n = 478 (100%)	Construction industry workers	RCT	t1=baseline t2=6 weeks	Self-Stigma	SSDS	Six-week brief contact intervention where one message with hyperlinks to information on stigma and mental health literacy was sent via text message per week.	• No significant improvement in SDSS from intervention? vs. control	* * * *
Sayers et al. (2019)	Australia	n = 1,651 (83.6%)	Mining industry workers	Repeated cross-sectional survey	t1=baseline; t2=6 months; t3=18 months;	Public stigma	Three items from PSS	Multilevel, peer-based suicide prevention program. Evaluation of combined impact of 1-hour general awareness training; 1-day SafeTalk component and 2-day ASIST training.	• Significant change across all time points in two items relating to attitudes toward mental health (not treated differently by friends or by colleagues due to mental illness; p < .01). No significant change to item “not being treated poorly in workplace due to mental illness.”	* * *
Tynan et al. (2018)	Australia	n = 1,277 (86.6%)	Mining industry workers	Non-Randomized Trial	t1=baseline t2=post intervention	Public Stigma	One item from PSS	Multilevel, peer-based suicide prevention program. Evaluation of 1-hour general awareness training; 1-day Safe Talk Training; and 2-hour manager training.	• No significant difference within intervention (p < .360) or control group (p < .284) from T1 to T2 on PSS.	* * *
Nickerson et al. (2020)	Australia	n = 103 (100%)	Refugee men with at least one PTSD symptom	RCT	t1=baseline t2=post intervention t3=4 weeks follow-up	Self-Stigma	SSDS (adapted for PTSD); SSSH	Four-week program with 11 interactive web-based modules to reduce stigma and increase help-seeking using psychoeducation (PE), social contact, and cognitive reappraisal of negative beliefs about mental health and help-seeking.	• No significant effect on SSDS (adapted for PTSD). • Significant improvement in SSSH from T2 to T3 for intervention compared with control (p < .022).	* * *
Fung et al. (2021)	Canada	Total n = 495 (100%) ACT n = 133 (100%) CEE n = 149 (100%) ACT and CEE n = 152 (100%)	Asian men with experience living with or affected by a mental health issue.	RCT	t1=baseline t2=post intervention t3=3 months post t4=6 months post	Public and Self-Stigma	CAMI, ISMI, SJS	Anti-stigma interventions for Asian immigrant men in Canada in the community setting using Acceptance and Commitment Training (ACT), Contact-based Empowerment Education (CEE), and PE focusing on storytelling, dialogue, capacity building, and identifying challenges and opportunities for stigma reduction.	PE • No effect on any subscales of CAMI. • No effect on any subscales of ISMI. ACT • Empowerment mediated a significant effect on CAMI, psychological inflexibility, alienation, and resistance to mental illness stigma on ISMI. CEE • Empowerment mediated a significant effect on all CAMI subscales. • Mindfulness mediated a significant effect on benevolence. • Empowerment mediated a significant effect on stigma resistance. • Mindfulness mediated an effect on social withdrawal.	*
Fung et al. (2020)	Canada	Total n = 535 (100%) ACT n = 145 (100%) CEE n = 160 (100%) ACT & CEE n = 164 (100%) PE n = 66 (100%)	Asian men with experience living with or affected by mental health.	RCT	t1=baseline t2=post intervention t3= 3 months post t4= 6 months post	Public and Self-Stigma	CAMI, ISMI, SJS	Anti-stigma interventions for Asian immigrant men in Canada in the community setting using ACT. CEE, and PE focusing on storytelling, dialogue, capacity building, and identifying challenges and opportunities for stigma reduction.	PE • Significant effect on authoritarianism and social restrictiveness. No effect on other CAMI subscales. • No effect on any subscales on ISMI. ACT • Significant effect on Authoritarianism. • No other effect on other CAMI subscales. • Significant effect on self-stigma, particularly on alienation, stereotype endorsement, social withdrawal, and stigma resistance but no effect on discrimination experience. Significant effect on behavior control and behavior intention subscale of SJS. CEE • Significant effect on authoritarianism and social restrictiveness. • No effect on other CAMI subscale. • Significant effect on self-stigma overall, in particular, alienation and stigma resistance. • No significant effect on stereotype endorsement, discrimination experience, or social withdrawal. Significant effect on behavioral control and subjective norms subscale of SJS.	*
Morrow et al. (2020)	Canada	n = 94 (100%)	Asian men with experience living with or affected by a mental health issue.	Qualitative Focus Groups	t1=baseline t2=post intervention			Anti-stigma interventions for Asian immigrant men in Canada in the community setting using ACT. CEE, and PE focusing on storytelling, dialogue, capacity building, and identifying challenges and opportunities for stigma reduction.	• Increased awareness of masculine ideals and greater ability to disrupt hegemonic masculine norms. • Increase in willingness to assist those in need of help, especially those of their own ethnicity.	* * * *
Robinson et al. (2013)	United Kingdom	n = 9 (77.7%)	Members of the general public	Qualitative	t1=Post intervention	Public Stigma		Six-year public awareness raising campaign, primarily targeting male-specific settings, to raise awareness of crisis service numbers, challenge stigma around suicide, and encourage help-seeking.	• Increased awareness of suicide and crisis service numbers which was attributed to the routine of messages in a trusted setting. • Increase in openness to talk about vulnerability, feeling low, or suicidal thoughts with reports of increased intention to seek help. • Community settings appealed to target groups and more widespread appeal was important.	* *
Woods et al. (2020)	United Kingdom	Survey n = 75 (100%) Focus Group n = 15 (100%)	British Cat C male prisoners	Mixed Methods with a convergent design	t1=baseline t2=post intervention t3= 8 weeks post	Personal Stigma, Knowledge relating to stigma	MAKS, RIBS	A single 75-minute face-to-face program aimed at raising awareness of and promoting psychological well-being and resilience, tackling stigma, and highlighting the importance of signposting to appropriate services through the presentation of two case studies from former elite rugby players and the presentation of risk factors, markers of stress, and coping strategies.	• Significant improvements in mental health knowledge • No significant effect on mental well-being • No significant effect on resilience	* *
Syzdek et al. (2014)	America	n = 23 (100%)	Community-dwelling men who screened positive for anxiety and depression with no history of formal help-seeking	Pilot RCT	t1=baseline t2=1 month post t3=3 months post	Self-Stigma	PPL	A 2-hour gender-based motivational interview via a computer program which included a 30-minute intake interview, a 30-minute computerized assessment, and a 60-minute feedback interview.	Reported a small effect size on self-stigma, but was attributed to an increase in self-stigma among the control group also.	* *
Van Voorhees et al. (2012)	America	n = 50 (90%)	Veterans with combat-related mental distress	One-Group before and after the study	t1=baseline t2=4 weeks post t3=8 weeks post t4=12 weeks post	Self-Stigma	SN-TPB	An online CBT and Peer Support Program which consisted of six half-hour sessions.	Significant reduction in both “embarrassment if friends knew I was receiving help” and belief that “others would be disappointed if they had PTSD/Depression,” but no significant change in “I would not want my employer to know that I am receiving help for PTSD/depression.”	* *
Shimotsu et al. (2014)	Japan	n = 46 (71%)	Psychiatric outpatients with anxiety and depressive symptoms	One-Group before and after the study	t1=baseline t2=post	Public Stigma	DDS	Ten 60-minute group CBT sessions with the first and last sessions being individual.	Significant Improvements in the DDS scale from pre to post. Changes were strongly correlated with significant changes in depression and Anxiety scores and moderately correlated with dysfunctional attitudes. Self-stigma also acted as a mediator between dysfunctional attitudes and symptoms of anxiety and depression.	* *
Kohrt et al. (2021)	Nepal	n = 88 (85%)	Primary Care Practitioners (PCPs) in Chitwan, Nepal	Pilot RCT	t1=baseline t2=4 months post t3=16 months post	Personal Stigma	SDS, mhGAP, IAT	12 sessions totaling 40 hours of training in mhGAP which is a guide to co-facilitate introductions to mental illness, recovery stories, Q&A sessions, and a number of structured and unstructured activities with PWLE and other inspirational figures in the community.	Reduction of 7.8 points on the social distance scale in the intervention compared with the control group; improvements in mhGAP knowledge and attitudes in both the intervention and control group but no within-group improvements in the IAT.	* * * *
Hanisch et al. (2017)	Germany	n = 48 (92%)	Managers of multination organizations	One-Group before and after the study	t1=baseline t2=post t3=12 weeks post	Personal Stigma, Knowledge related to stigma	MAK, OMS-WA	1–2 hour single online session where managers ran through a virtual 7 weeks as a manager tasked with supervising a virtual team and managing their mental health effectively, each team member showed diverse psychological profiles and represented different mental health scenarios which were likely to appear in real life.	Significant improvements in stigma-related knowledge from pre to post intervention which was maintained at the 3-month follow-up. Significant decrease in stigmatizing attitudes which was sustained at the 3-month follow-up also. In particular, there were decreases in avoidance, perceived dangerousness, and responsibility but not in work and competency beliefs or helping people with mental illness.	* *

Note. SSDS = Self-Stigma of Depression Scale; PSS=Perceived Stigma Scale; SSSH = Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale; CAMI = The Community attitudes toward the mentally ill; ISMI = Internalized Stigma of mental Illness; SJS = Social Justice Scale; MAKS = Mental Health Knowledge Schedule; RIBS = Reported and Intended Behavior Scale; PPL = The Perceptions of Problems in Living Questionnaire; SN-TPB = Social norm questions related to the Theory of Planned Behavior; DDS = Devaluation-Discrimination Scale; SDS = Social Distance Scale; mhGAP = the WHO Mental Health Gap action program attitudes assessment; IAT = Implicit Association Test; OMS-WA = Opening Minds Scale for Workplace Attitudes; PWLE = People with lived experience. QAS Scale is based on the MMAT quality assessment tool 2018 (W. N. Hong et al., 2018) and scored accordingly. Each “*” represents adequately passing the one of the five assessment questions.