Fig. 5.

Effect of CS on mitochondrial dysfunction in N. gonorrhoeae-infected macrophages. J774A.1 macrophages were pre-incubated with either CS or a control vehicle for 0.5 h before N. gonorrhoeae infection, followed by an additional 8-hour incubation period. In panel A, mitochondrial ROS production was analyzed using MitoSOX staining. Panel B depicts the analysis of mitochondrial membrane integrity using MitoTracker Deep Red and MitoTracker Green staining. In panel C, the mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed using staining with DiOC₂(3). The presented flow cytometry images represent individual experiments, and the accompanying histogram illustrates the quantification expressed as the mean ± SD for these three experiments